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The Risk Factors of Blood Cadmium Elevation in Chronic Kidney Disease.

ABSTRACT: Low-level cadmium exposure has adverse effects on chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the risk factors for elevated blood cadmium levels (BCLs) have not been studied in CKD. We conducted a cross-sectional investigation in 200 CKD patients and stratified them by the tertiles of BCL to compare their demographic, environmental, and biochemical data. The factors associated with BCL were identified, and their effects were examined in subgroups. In the analyses, female sex, smoking, and CKD stage 5D were associated with high BCL, and statin was inversely correlated with BCL (odds ratio [95% confidence interval, CI], 6.858 [2.381-19.746], p < 0.001, 11.719 [2.843-48.296], p = 0.001, 30.333 [2.252-408.520], p = 0.010, and 0.326 [0.122-0.873], p = 0.026; deviations of BCL [nmol/L, 95% CI], 2.66 [1.33-4.00], p < 0.001, 3.68 [1.81-5.56], p < 0.001, 3.38 [0.95-5.82], p = 0.007, and -2.07 [-3.35--0.78], p = 0.002). These factors were also independently correlated with BCL in subgroups, including non-dialysis CKD, hypertensive patients, non-smokers, and male patients. In conclusion, female sex, smoking, and CKD stage 5D were the major risk factors for elevated BCL; additionally, statins were negatively associated with BCL in CKD.

SUBMITTER: Tsai KF

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8656955 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The Risk Factors of Blood Cadmium Elevation in Chronic Kidney Disease.

Tsai Kai-Fan KF Hsu Pai-Chin PC Kung Chia-Te CT Lee Chien-Te CT You Huey-Ling HL Huang Wan-Ting WT Li Shau-Hsuan SH Cheng Fu-Jen FJ Wang Chin-Chou CC Lee Wen-Chin WC

International journal of environmental research and public health 20211124 23

Low-level cadmium exposure has adverse effects on chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the risk factors for elevated blood cadmium levels (BCLs) have not been studied in CKD. We conducted a cross-sectional investigation in 200 CKD patients and stratified them by the tertiles of BCL to compare their demographic, environmental, and biochemical data. The factors associated with BCL were identified, and their effects were examined in subgroups. In the analyses, female sex, smoking, and CKD stage 5 ...[more]

PMID: 34886064

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Project description:BackgroundRelationships between adulthood modifiable risk factors and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are well-established, but associations with childhood risk factors are unclear. This study systematically assesses the published evidence about childhood modifiable risk factors and adulthood CKD.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science to 6th May 2022. Articles were included if (1) they were population-based longitudinal studies, (2) exposures were potentially modifiable, for example through pharmacological or lifestyle modifications, including clinical conditions/measures (diabetes, blood pressure, adiposity, and dyslipidaemia); health behaviours (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, fitness, and poor nutrition); and socio-economic factors (socio-economic position), and occurred during childhood (ages 2-19 years), and (3) outcome was CKD or surrogate markers of CKD in adulthood (ages 20 years or older). Three reviewers independently extracted the data.Results15,232 articles were identified after deduplication; 17 articles met the inclusion criteria, reporting childhood blood pressure (n = 8), adiposity (n = 4), type 2 diabetes (n = 1), socio-economic position (n = 1), famine (n = 1), cardiorespiratory fitness (n = 1), and a healthy lifestyle score (n = 1). The results suggested positive associations of childhood adiposity, type 2 diabetes, and low socio-economic position and cardiorespiratory fitness in females with CKD in adulthood. Findings were inconsistent on associations between childhood BP and CKD in adulthood. Childhood healthy lifestyle score and exposure to famine were not associated with risk of CKD in adulthood.ConclusionsThe limited evidence suggests childhood factors may contribute to the CKD risk in adulthood, particularly adiposity, type 2 diabetes, and low socio-economic position and cardiorespiratory fitness in females. Further high-quality community-based studies are needed with long-term follow-up and investigation of a broader range of modifiable risk factors.

Dataset Information

The Risk Factors of Blood Cadmium Elevation in Chronic Kidney Disease.

Publications

The Risk Factors of Blood Cadmium Elevation in Chronic Kidney Disease.

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