Macrophage Heterogeneity in NASH: More Than Just Nomenclature.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Parthasarathy G
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8662756 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Jul
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Macrophage Heterogeneity in NASH: More Than Just Nomenclature.
Parthasarathy Gopanandan G Malhi Harmeet H
Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 20210522 1
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Project description:Immune cell infiltrations with lobular inflammation in the background of steatosis and deregulated gut-liver axis are the cardinal features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). An array of gut microbiota-derived metabolites including short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) multifariously modulates NASH pathogenesis. However, the molecular basis for the favorable impact of sodium butyrate (NaBu), a gut microbiota-derived SCFA, on the immunometabolic homeostasis in NASH remains elusive. We show that NaBu imparts a robust anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated or classically activated M1 polarized macrophages and in the diet-induced murine NASH model. Moreover, it impedes monocyte-derived inflammatory macrophage recruitment in liver parenchyma and induces apoptosis of proinflammatory liver macrophages (LM) in NASH livers. Mechanistically, by histone deactylase (HDAC) inhibition NaBu enhanced acetylation of canonical NF-κB subunit p65 along with its differential recruitment to the proinflammatory gene promoters independent of its nuclear translocation. NaBu-treated macrophages thus exhibit transcriptomic signatures that corroborate with a M2-like prohealing phenotype. NaBu quelled LPS-mediated catabolism and phagocytosis of macrophages, exhibited a differential secretome which consequently resulted in skewing toward prohealing phenotype and induced death of proinflammatory macrophages to abrogate metaflammation in vitro and in vivo. Thus NaBu could be a potential therapeutic as well as preventive agent in mitigating NASH.
| S-EPMC10195803 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Intrahepatic macrophages in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are heterogenous and include proinflammatory recruited monocyte-derived macrophages. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is expressed on macrophages and can be activated by damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) upregulated in NASH, yet the role of macrophage-specific RAGE signaling in NASH is unclear. Therefore, we hypothesized that RAGE-expressing macrophages are proinflammatory and mediate liver inflammation in NASH. Compared with healthy controls, RAGE expression was increased in liver biopsies from patients with NASH. In a high-fat, -fructose, and -cholesterol-induced (FFC)-induced murine model of NASH, RAGE expression was increased, specifically on recruited macrophages. FFC mice that received a pharmacological inhibitor of RAGE (TTP488), and myeloid-specific RAGE KO mice (RAGE-MKO) had attenuated liver injury associated with a reduced accumulation of RAGE+ recruited macrophages. Transcriptomics analysis suggested that pathways of macrophage and T cell activation were upregulated by FFC diet, inhibited by TTP488 treatment, and reduced in RAGE-MKO mice. Correspondingly, the secretome of ligand-stimulated BM-derived macrophages from RAGE-MKO mice had an attenuated capacity to activate CD8+ T cells. Our data implicate RAGE as what we propose to be a novel and potentially targetable mediator of the proinflammatory signaling of recruited macrophages in NASH.
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Project description:Background and aimsIn clinical and experimental NASH, the origin of the scar-forming myofibroblast is the HSC. We used foz/foz mice on a Western diet to characterize in detail the phenotypic changes of HSCs in a NASH model.Approach and resultsWe examined the single-cell expression profiles (scRNA sequencing) of HSCs purified from the normal livers of foz/foz mice on a chow diet, in NASH with fibrosis of foz/foz mice on a Western diet, and in livers during regression of NASH after switching back to a chow diet. Selected genes were analyzed using immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR, and short hairpin RNA knockdown in primary mouse HSCs. Our analysis of the normal liver identified two distinct clusters of quiescent HSCs that correspond to their acinar position of either pericentral vein or periportal vein. The NASH livers had four distinct HSC clusters, including one representing the classic fibrogenic myofibroblast. The three other HSC clusters consisted of a proliferating cluster, an intermediate activated cluster, and an immune and inflammatory cluster. The livers with NASH regression had one cluster of inactivated HSCs, which was similar to, but distinct from, the quiescent HSCs.ConclusionsAnalysis of single-cell RNA sequencing in combination with an interrogation of previous studies revealed an unanticipated heterogeneity of HSC phenotypes under normal and injured states.
| S-EPMC8346581 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common liver disease characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis) and inflammation. Currently, therapeutic options are poor and the long-term burden to society is constantly increasing. Previously, macrophage stimulating protein (MSP)-a serum protein mainly secreted by liver-was shown to inhibit oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL)/lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced inflammation in mouse macrophages. Additionally, MSP could reduce palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipid accumulation and lipogenesis in the HepG2 cell line. Altogether, these data suggest MSP as a suppressor for metabolic inflammation. However, so far the potential of MSP to be used as a treatment for NASH was not investigated. We hypothesized that MSP reduces lipid accumulation and hepatic inflammation. To investigate the effects of MSP in the early stage of NASH, low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr-/-) mice were fed either a regular chow or a high fat, high cholesterol (HFC) diet for 7 days. Recombinant MSP or saline (control) was administrated to the mice by utilizing subcutaneously-implanted osmotic mini-pumps for the last 4 days. As expected, mice fed an HFC diet showed increased plasma and hepatic lipid accumulation, as well as enhanced hepatic inflammation, compared with chow-fed controls. Upon MSP administration, the rise in cholesterol and triglyceride levels after an HFC diet remained unaltered. Surprisingly, while hepatic macrophage and neutrophil infiltration was similar between the groups, MSP-treated mice showed increased gene expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic mediators in the liver, compared with saline-treated controls. Contrary to our expectations, MSP did not ameliorate NASH. Observed changes in inflammatory gene expression suggest that further research is needed to clarify the long-term effects of MSP.
| S-EPMC5042385 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the first major chronic liver disease in developed countries. 10-20% of NAFLD patients will progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and up to 25% of NASH patients may develop cirrhosis within 10 years. Therefore, it is critical to find key targets that may treat this disease. Here, we identified C5aR1 as a highly-expressed gene in NASH mouse model through analyzing Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and confirmed its higher expression in livers of NASH patients than that of NAFL patients. Meanwhile, we verified its positive correlation with patients' serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels. In vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that knocking down C5aR1 in liver significantly reduced liver weight ratio and serum ALT and AST levels and attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration and cell apoptosis in the liver of NASH mice as well as enhanced the efferocytotic ability of liver macrophages, suggesting that C5aR1 may play a crucial role in the efferocytosis of liver macrophages. Furthermore, we also found that the expression levels of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, IL-1β and other inflammation-related factors in the liver were significantly reduced. Our work demonstrates a potential mechanism of how C5aR1 deficiency protects against diet-induced NASH by coordinating the regulation of inflammatory factors and affecting hepatic macrophage efferocytosis.
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Project description:Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the progressive form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is becoming a common chronic liver disease with the characteristics of steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Macrophage plays an important role in the development of NASH. In this study, Annexin A5 (Anx A5) is identified with the special effect on hepatic macrophage phenotype shift from M1 to M2. And it is further demonstrated that Anx A5 significantly switches metabolic reprogramming from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation in activated macrophages. Mechanistically, the main target of Anx A5 in energy metabolism is confirmed to be pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2). And we following reveal that Anx A5 directly interacts with PKM2 at ASP101, LEU104 and ARG106, inhibits phosphorylation of Y105, and promotes PKM2 tetramer formation. In addition, based on the results of PKM2 inhibitor (compound 3k) and the phosphorylated mutation (PKM2 (Y105E)), it is proved that Anx A5 exhibits the function in macrophage polarization dependently on PKM2 activity. In vivo studies also show that Anx A5 improves steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis in NASH mice due to specially regulating hepatic macrophages via interaction with PKM2. Therefore, we have revealed a novel function of Anx A5 in hepatic macrophage polarization and HFD-induced NASH, providing important insights into the metabolic reprogramming, which is important for NASH therapy.
| S-EPMC7369618 | biostudies-literature
Project description:LN resident macrophages lining the lymphatic sinuses play critical roles in antigen capture and presentation as well as degradation. We used microarray to examine global gene expression profiles to compare SCS and med macrophages to determine the underlying molecular basis of their differential handling of antigens. Primary SCS and med macrophages were isolated and purified from LNs by flourescence-activated cell sorting and RNA extracted, amplified and hybridized for Affymetrix analysis.
2009-06-05 | E-GEOD-15767 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Macrophages play a central role in tuberculosis, as the site of primary infection, inducers and effectors of inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, as well as mediators of tissue destruction and repair. Early descriptions by pathologists have emphasized their morphological heterogeneity in granulomas, followed by delineation of T lymphocyte-dependent activation of anti-mycobacterial resistance. More recently, powerful genetic and molecular tools have become available to describe macrophage cellular properties and their role in host-pathogen interactions. In this review we discuss aspects of macrophage heterogeneity relevant to the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and, conversely, lessons that can be learnt from mycobacterial infection, with regard to the immunobiological functions of macrophages in homeostasis and disease.
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Project description:Recently, it has become evident that macrophage diversity increases in the liver during the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the analysis of liver macrophage subsets in mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and early NASH using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence (IF). These methods can be used to assess the composition and localization of macrophage subsets during NASH. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Daemen et al. (2021).
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