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Inflammatory and fibrotic mechanisms in NAFLD-Implications for new treatment strategies.

ABSTRACT: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is comprised of either simple steatosis (non-alcoholic fatty liver) or a more advanced inflammatory and fibrogenic stage (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH]). NASH affects a growing proportion of the global adult and pediatric population, leading to rising rates of liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NASH is a multifactorial disease that is part of a systemic metabolic disorder. Here, we provide an overview of the metabolic underpinnings of NASH pathogenesis and established drivers of inflammation and fibrosis. Clarification of underlying fibrogenic and inflammatory mechanisms will advance the development of novel treatment strategies as there are no approved therapies at present. We discuss emerging experimental approaches and potential novel investigational strategies derived from animal models including the inflammasome, epigenetic reprogramming, Hippo signaling, Notch signaling, engineered T cells to remove fibrogenic HSCs, and HSC-specific targeting therapies. Recently completed and ongoing clinical trials and antifibrotics are discussed, illuminating the growing expectation that one or more therapies will yield clinical benefit in NASH in the coming years.

SUBMITTER: Lee YA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8688191 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Inflammatory and fibrotic mechanisms in NAFLD-Implications for new treatment strategies.

Lee Youngmin A YA Friedman Scott L SL

Journal of internal medicine 20210926 1

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is comprised of either simple steatosis (non-alcoholic fatty liver) or a more advanced inflammatory and fibrogenic stage (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH]). NASH affects a growing proportion of the global adult and pediatric population, leading to rising rates of liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NASH is a multifactorial disease that is part of a systemic metabolic disorder. Here, we provide an overview of the metabolic underpinnings of NASH patho ...[more]

PMID: 34564899

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Project description:Genetic variants that define two distinct haplotypes at the TMEM106B locus have been implicated in multiple neurodegenerative diseases and in healthy brain aging. In frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the high expressing TMEM106B risk haplotype was shown to increase susceptibility for FTD with TDP-43 inclusions (FTD-TDP) and to modify disease penetrance in progranulin mutation carriers (FTD-GRN). To further elucidate the biological function of TMEM106B and determine whether lowering TMEM106B may be a viable therapeutic strategy, we performed brain transcriptomic analyses in 8-month-old animals from our recently developed Tmem106b-/- mouse model. We included 10 Tmem106b+/+ (WT), 10 Tmem106b+/- and 10 Tmem106-/- mice. The most differentially expressed genes (153 down-regulated and 60 upregulated) were identified between Tmem106b-/- and WT animals, with an enrichment for genes implicated in myelination-related cellular processes including axon ensheathment and oligodendrocyte differentiation. Co-expression analysis also revealed that the most downregulated group of correlated genes was enriched for myelination-related processes. We further detected a significant loss of Olig2-positive cells in the corpus callosum of Tmem106b-/- mice, which was present already in young animals (21 days) and persisted until old age (23 months), without worsening. qPCR revealed a reduction of differentiated but not undifferentiated oligodendrocytes cellular markers. While no obvious changes in myelin were observed at the ultrastructure levels in unchallenged animals, treatment with cuprizone revealed that Tmem106b-/- mice are more susceptible to cuprizone-induced de-myelination and have a reduced capacity to re-myelinate, a finding which we were able to replicate in a newly generated Tmem106b CRISPR/cas9 knock-out mouse model. Finally, using a TMEM106B HeLa knock-out cell line, we determined that loss of TMEM106B leads to abnormalities in the distribution of lysosomes and PLP1 trafficking but not to differences in MOG trafficking which is lysosome-independent. Together these findings reveal an important function for TMEM106B in myelination with possible consequences for therapeutic strategies aimed at lowering TMEM106B levels.

Dataset Information

Inflammatory and fibrotic mechanisms in NAFLD-Implications for new treatment strategies.

Publications

Inflammatory and fibrotic mechanisms in NAFLD-Implications for new treatment strategies.

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