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SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination elicits a robust and persistent T follicular helper cell response in humans.

ABSTRACT: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce robust anti-spike (S) antibody and CD4⁺ T cell responses. It is not yet clear whether vaccine-induced follicular helper CD4⁺ T (T_FH) cell responses contribute to this outstanding immunogenicity. Using fine-needle aspiration of draining axillary lymph nodes from individuals who received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, we evaluated the T cell receptor sequences and phenotype of lymph node T_FH. Mining of the responding T_FH T cell receptor repertoire revealed a strikingly immunodominant HLA-DPB1^∗04-restricted response to S_167-180 in individuals with this allele, which is among the most common HLA alleles in humans. Paired blood and lymph node specimens show that while circulating S-specific T_FH cells peak one week after the second immunization, S-specific T_FH persist at nearly constant frequencies for at least six months. Collectively, our results underscore the key role that robust T_FH cell responses play in establishing long-term immunity by this efficacious human vaccine.

SUBMITTER: Mudd PA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8695127 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination elicits a robust and persistent T follicular helper cell response in humans.

Mudd Philip A PA Minervina Anastasia A AA Pogorelyy Mikhail V MV Turner Jackson S JS Kim Wooseob W Kalaidina Elizaveta E Petersen Jan J Schmitz Aaron J AJ Lei Tingting T Haile Alem A Kirk Allison M AM Mettelman Robert C RC Crawford Jeremy Chase JC Nguyen Thi H O THO Rowntree Louise C LC Rosati Elisa E Richards Katherine A KA Sant Andrea J AJ Klebert Michael K MK Suessen Teresa T Middleton William D WD Wolf Joshua J Teefey Sharlene A SA O'Halloran Jane A JA Presti Rachel M RM Kedzierska Katherine K Rossjohn Jamie J Thomas Paul G PG Ellebedy Ali H AH

Cell 20211223 4

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce robust anti-spike (S) antibody and CD4+ T cell responses. It is not yet clear whether vaccine-induced follicular helper CD4+ T (TFH) cell responses contribute to this outstanding immunogenicity. Using fine-needle aspiration of draining axillary lymph nodes from individuals who received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, we evaluated the T cell receptor sequences and phenotype of lymph node TFH. Mining of the responding TFH< ...[more]

PMID: 35026152

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Project description:The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants has raised concerns about reduced vaccine effectiveness and the increased risk of infection, and while repeated homologous booster shots are recommended for elderly and immunocompromised individuals, they cannot completely protect against breakthrough infections. In our previous study, we assessed the immunogenicity of an adenovirus-based vaccine expressing SARS-CoV-2 S1 (Ad5.S1) in mice, which induced robust humoral and cellular immune responses (E. Kim, F. J. Weisel, S. C. Balmert, M. S. Khan, et al., Eur J Immunol 51:1774-1784, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.202149167). In this follow-up study, we found that the mice had high titers of anti-S1 antibodies 1 year after vaccination, and one booster dose of the nonadjuvanted rS1Beta (recombinant S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 Beta [B.1.351]) subunit vaccine was effective at stimulating strong long-lived S1-specific immune responses and inducing significantly high neutralizing antibodies against Wuhan, Beta, and Delta strains, with 3.6- to 19.5-fold increases. Importantly, the booster dose also elicited cross-reactive antibodies, resulting in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding inhibition against spikes of SARS-CoV-2, including Omicron variants, persisting for >28 weeks after booster vaccination. Interestingly, the levels of neutralizing antibodies were correlated not only with the level of S1 binding IgG but also with ACE2 inhibition. Our findings suggest that the rS1Beta subunit vaccine candidate as a booster has the potential to offer cross-neutralization against broad variants and has important implications for the vaccine control of newly emerging breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 variants in elderly individuals primed with adenovirus-based vaccines like AZD1222 and Ad26.COV2.S. IMPORTANCE Vaccines have significantly reduced the incidences of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths. However, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has raised concerns about their increased transmissibility and ability to evade neutralizing antibodies, especially among elderly individuals who are at higher risks of mortality and reductions of vaccine effectiveness. To address this, a heterologous booster vaccination strategy has been considered as a solution to protect the elderly population against breakthrough infections caused by emerging variants. This study evaluated the booster effect of an S1 subunit vaccine in aged mice that had been previously primed with adenoviral vaccines, providing valuable preclinical evidence for elderly people vaccinated with the currently approved COVID-19 vaccines. This study confirms the potential for using the S1 subunit vaccine as a booster to enhance cross-neutralizing antibodies against emerging variants of concern.

Dataset Information

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination elicits a robust and persistent T follicular helper cell response in humans.

Publications

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination elicits a robust and persistent T follicular helper cell response in humans.

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