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Observational Evidence of Large Contribution from Primary Sources for Carbon Monoxide in the South Asian Outflow.

ABSTRACT: South Asian air is among the most polluted in the world, causing premature death of millions and asserting a strong perturbation of the regional climate. A central component is carbon monoxide (CO), which is a key modulator of the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere and a potent indirect greenhouse gas. While CO concentrations are declining elsewhere, South Asia exhibits an increasing trend for unresolved reasons. In this paper, we use dual-isotope (δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O) fingerprinting of CO intercepted in the South Asian outflow to constrain the relative contributions from primary and secondary CO sources. Results show that combustion-derived primary sources dominate the wintertime continental CO fingerprint (f_primary ∼ 79 ± 4%), significantly higher than the global estimate (f_primary ∼ 55 ± 5%). Satellite-based inventory estimates match isotope-constrained f_primary-CO, suggesting observational convergence in source characterization and a prospect for model-observation reconciliation. This "ground-truthing" emphasizes the pressing need to mitigate incomplete combustion activities for climate/air quality benefits in South Asia.

SUBMITTER: Dasari S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8733925 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Observational Evidence of Large Contribution from Primary Sources for Carbon Monoxide in the South Asian Outflow.

Dasari Sanjeev S Andersson August A Popa Maria E ME Röckmann Thomas T Holmstrand Henry H Budhavant Krishnakant K Gustafsson Örjan Ö

Environmental science & technology 20211216 1

South Asian air is among the most polluted in the world, causing premature death of millions and asserting a strong perturbation of the regional climate. A central component is carbon monoxide (CO), which is a key modulator of the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere and a potent indirect greenhouse gas. While CO concentrations are declining elsewhere, South Asia exhibits an increasing trend for unresolved reasons. In this paper, we use dual-isotope (δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>18</sup>O) fingerpr ...[more]

PMID: 34914368

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Project description:Carbon monoxide (CO) is commonly known as a toxic gas, yet both cultivation studies and emerging genome sequences of bacteria and archaea establish that CO is a widely utilized microbial growth substrate. In this study, we determined the prevalence of anaerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenases ([Ni,Fe]-CODHs) in currently available genomic sequence databases. Currently, 185 out of 2887, or 6% of sequenced bacterial and archaeal genomes possess at least one gene encoding [Ni,Fe]-CODH, the key enzyme for anaerobic CO utilization. Many genomes encode multiple copies of [Ni,Fe]-CODH genes whose functions and regulation are correlated with their associated gene clusters. The phylogenetic analysis of this extended protein family revealed six distinct clades; many clades consisted of [Ni,Fe]-CODHs that were encoded by microbes from disparate phylogenetic lineages, based on 16S rRNA sequences, and widely ranging physiology. To more clearly define if the branching patterns observed in the [Ni,Fe]-CODH trees are due to functional conservation vs. evolutionary lineage, the genomic context of the [Ni,Fe]-CODH gene clusters was examined, and superimposed on the phylogenetic trees. On the whole, there was a correlation between genomic contexts and the tree topology, but several functionally similar [Ni,Fe]-CODHs were found in different clades. In addition, some distantly related organisms have similar [Ni,Fe]-CODH genes. Thermosinus carboxydivorans was used to observe horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of [Ni,Fe]-CODH gene clusters by applying Kullback-Leibler divergence analysis methods. Divergent tetranucleotide frequency and codon usage showed that the gene cluster of T. carboxydivorans that encodes a [Ni,Fe]-CODH and an energy-converting hydrogenase is dissimilar to its whole genome but is similar to the genome of the phylogenetically distant Firmicute, Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans. These results imply that T carboxydivorans acquired this gene cluster via HGT from a relative of C. hydrogenoformans.

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Project description:ObjectivesThis study evaluated breath carbon monoxide (BCO) testing in identifying maternal smokers as well as the difference between disclosers and non-disclosers of smoking status. We also investigated if other extrinsic factors affected the women's BCO levels in pregnancy.DesignA prospective observational study.SettingA university obstetric hospital in an urban setting in Ireland.ParticipantsWomen (n=250) and their partners (n=54) were recruited at their first antenatal visit. Women <18 years and those who did not understand English were excluded. A booking history, including recording of smoking status, was collected by midwives. Following this, women were recruited and completed a detailed research questionnaire on smoking and extrinsic/environmental BCO sources. A BCO test was performed on both the woman and her partner.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe number of self-reported smokers and those that were positive on the BCO test. The characteristics of women who disclosed and did not disclose smoking status. The effect of extrinsic factors on the BCO test results.ResultsBased on the receiver-operating characteristic curve, a BCO cut-off point of ≥3 ppm was the optimal level to identify ongoing smoking. At booking history, 15% of women reported as current smokers. Based on BCO levels ≥3 ppm combined with self-reported smoking in the research questionnaire, the rate increased to 25%. Non-disclosers had similar characteristics to non-smokers. No extrinsic factors affected maternal BCO levels.ConclusionsBased on self-report and BCO levels, a quarter of women presenting for antenatal care continued to smoke, but only 60% reported their smoking to midwives. BCO measurement is an inexpensive, practical method of improving identification of maternal smoking, and it was not effected by extrinsic sources of BCO. Improved identification means more smokers can be supported to stop smoking in early pregnancy potentially improving the short-term and long-term health of both mother and child.

Dataset Information

Observational Evidence of Large Contribution from Primary Sources for Carbon Monoxide in the South Asian Outflow.

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Observational Evidence of Large Contribution from Primary Sources for Carbon Monoxide in the South Asian Outflow.

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