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Active pulmonary tuberculosis: something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue.

ABSTRACT: Tuberculosis remains a major global health issue affecting all countries and age groups. Radiology plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). This review aims to improve understanding and diagnostic value of imaging in PTB. We present the old, well-established findings ranging from primary TB to the common appearances of post-primary TB, including dissemination with tree-in-bud nodularity, haematogenous dissemination with miliary nodules and lymphatic dissemination. We discuss new concepts in active PTB with special focus on imaging findings in immunocompromised individuals. We illustrate PTB appearances borrowed from other diseases in which the signs were initially described: the reversed halo sign, the galaxy sign and the cluster sign. There are several radiological signs that have been shown to correlate with positive or negative sputum smears, and radiologists should be aware of these signs as they play an important role in guiding the need for isolation and empirical anti-tuberculous therapy.

SUBMITTER: Wetscherek MTA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8743064 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Active pulmonary tuberculosis: something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue.

Wetscherek Maria T A MTA Sadler Timothy J TJ Lee Janice Y J JYJ Karia Sumit S Babar Judith L JL

Insights into imaging 20220109 1

Tuberculosis remains a major global health issue affecting all countries and age groups. Radiology plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). This review aims to improve understanding and diagnostic value of imaging in PTB. We present the old, well-established findings ranging from primary TB to the common appearances of post-primary TB, including dissemination with tree-in-bud nodularity, haematogenous dissemination with miliary nodules and lymphatic d ...[more]

PMID: 35001143

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Project description:To avoid molecular damage of biomolecules due to oxidation, all cells have evolved constitutive and responsive systems to mitigate and repair chemical modifications. Archaea have adapted to some of the most extreme environments known to support life, including highly oxidizing conditions. However, in comparison to bacteria and eukaryotes, relatively little is known about the biology and biochemistry of archaea in response to changing conditions and repair of oxidative damage. In this study transcriptome, proteome, and chemical reactivity analyses of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) induced oxidative stress in Sulfolobus solfataricus (P2) were conducted. Microarray analysis of mRNA expression showed that 102 transcripts were regulated by at least 1.5 fold, 30 minutes after exposure to 30 microM H(2)O(2). Parallel proteomic analyses using two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), monitored more than 800 proteins 30 and 105 minutes after exposure and found that 18 had significant changes in abundance. A recently characterized ferritin-like antioxidant protein, DPSL, was the most highly regulated species of mRNA and protein, in addition to being post-translationally modified. As expected, a number of antioxidant related mRNAs and proteins were differentially regulated. Three of these, DPSL, superoxide dismutase, and peroxiredoxin were shown to interact and likely form a novel supramolecular complex for mitigating oxidative damage. A scheme for the ability of this complex to perform multi-step reactions is presented. Despite the central role played by DPSL, cells maintained a lower level of protection after disruption of the dpsl gene, indicating a level of redundancy in the oxidative stress pathways of S. solfataricus. This work provides the first "omics" scale assessment of the oxidative stress response for an archeal organism and together with a network analysis using data from previous studies on bacteria and eukaryotes reveals evolutionarily conserved pathways where complex and overlapping defense mechanisms protect against oxygen toxicity.

Project description:Natural history museums worldwide house billions of apposite specimens, offering the potential for cost-free parasitological datasets. Herein, we provide novel morphological and molecular data (28S and cox1) for the polyopisthocotylean Plectanocotyle gurnardi sensu stricto from the type-host Eutrigla gurnardus from Sweden based on newly collected specimens from the Northeast Atlantic, and specimen from T. Odhner's collections at the Swedish Museum of Natural History (Stockholm, Sweden). The newly generated 28S sequences of P. gurnardi from E. gurnardus from the Northeast Atlantic were identical to those from the Western Mediterranean, and nested in a single clade, suggesting the presence of a single species. A 28S sequences of P. gurnardi sensu stricto from Sweden and those from the U.K. (type locality for P. caudata) were identical; we confirm that P. caudata and P. gurnardi are conspecific and formally synonymize them. A single 28S sequence of Plectanocotyle sp. from Chelidonichthys lastoviza off France differed from P. gurnardi from the Northeast Atlantic by 3-4 % and from P. gurnardi from France by 3%. Plectanocotyle sp. ex C. lastoviza off France is clearly not P. gurnardi, suggesting an oioxenic specificity of P. gurnardi to E gurnardus. Careful re-examination of Plectanocotyle cf. gurnardi from C. lastoviza from the Western Mediterranean from the Helminthology collection of Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (Paris, France) revealed that it differs from all congeners by morphometry (size of clamps, of terminal lappet and its hamuli and uncinuli, and size of atrial spines). The cox1 divergences between P. cf. gurnardi and P. major, P. lastovizae, and P. gurnardi sensu stricto were 10-11 %, 10-11 % and 8 % respectively, falling within the interspecific variations range. Plectanocotyle from the Mediterranean is described as a new species, P. jeanloujustinei n. sp. We apprise nomenclature problems in Plectanocotyle and consider P. elliptica a species inquirenda.

Dataset Information

Active pulmonary tuberculosis: something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue.

Publications

Active pulmonary tuberculosis: something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue.

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