Clinical intra-cardiac 4D flow CMR: acquisition, analysis, and clinical applications.

ABSTRACT: Identification of flow patterns within the heart has long been recognized as a potential contribution to the understanding of physiological and pathophysiological processes of cardiovascular diseases. Although the pulsatile flow itself is multi-dimensional and multi-directional, current available non-invasive imaging modalities in clinical practice provide calculation of flow in only 1-direction and lack 3-dimensional volumetric velocity information. Four-dimensional flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow CMR) has emerged as a novel tool that enables comprehensive and critical assessment of flow through encoding velocity in all 3 directions in a volume of interest resolved over time. Following technical developments, 4D flow CMR is not only capable of visualization and qua

SUBMITTER: Demirkiran A 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8787996 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature