Dataset Information

Raising the level: orangutans solve the floating peanut task without visual feedback.

ABSTRACT: Chimpanzees and orangutans are able to generate innovative behaviors to solve complicated physical problems. For example, when presented with an out-of-reach peanut at the bottom of a vertical tube (floating peanut task-FPT), some of them spontaneously spit water into the tube until the peanut floats to the top. Yet, it is unclear whether this innovative solution results from repeating those actions that bring the peanut incrementally closer to the top or from anticipating the solution before acting. In the current study, we addressed this question by presenting three naïve orangutans with an opaque version of the FPT that prevented them from obtaining visual information about the effect of their actions on the position of the peanut. One of the subjects solved the opaque FPT in the very first trial: he collected water from the faucet and poured it into the opaque tube repeatedly until the hitherto non-visible peanut reached the top. This provides evidence for the first time that orangutans can potentially solve the FPT without relying on sensorimotor learning, but to some extent by mentally representing the problem.

SUBMITTER: Sebastian-Enesco C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8800926 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Raising the level: orangutans solve the floating peanut task without visual feedback.

Sebastián-Enesco Carla C Amezcua-Valmala Nerea N Colmenares Fernando F Mendes Natacha N Call Josep J

Primates; journal of primatology 20211016 1

Chimpanzees and orangutans are able to generate innovative behaviors to solve complicated physical problems. For example, when presented with an out-of-reach peanut at the bottom of a vertical tube (floating peanut task-FPT), some of them spontaneously spit water into the tube until the peanut floats to the top. Yet, it is unclear whether this innovative solution results from repeating those actions that bring the peanut incrementally closer to the top or from anticipating the solution before ac ...[more]

PMID: 34655344

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Project description:The dataset presented in the article consists of finger forces of participants during a finger pressing task. The finger pressing task involves the production of fingertip forces using Index, Middle, Ring, and Little (I, M, R&L) fingers of the right hand. The participant performed two types of task, namely MVC task and visual occlusion task. The participants completed the Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) task first, where they were instructed to produce maximum possible force from each finger individually and all fingers together. The visually occluded finger pressing task followed the MVC task. In this task, the participant's visual feedback was removed after 8s. There were two conditions in this task, one with post-trial performance feedback (referred to as "epilogue" condition in this manuscript) and another that does not have this post-trial performance feedback (referred to as "no epilogue" condition in this manuscript). The epilogue condition is a particular case of post-trial visual feedback where, at the end of each trial, the performance in that trial is shown to the participant. This was followed by the next trial. Normalization of force levels for visual occlusion tasks was performed for the forces with the participants produced in the MVC task. Fourteen healthy participants were recruited for performing the experiments. For the experiments, they were instructed to produce fingertip forces using four fingers of the right hand with the target line at 15% MVC (15% of the force that they produced in the MVC task). The two visual occlusion conditions had 30 trials each. In both conditions, a single trial lasted 16 s. For the initial 8 s, there is visual feedback, which follows an eight-second visual occlusion period where there is no visual feedback. The dataset consists of three files; the first file has the data of Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) data, the second file has the data for the "without epilogue" condition, and the third file has the data of "epilogue" case.

Project description:PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate deficits at varying levels of visual system in diabetes without clinical retinopathy (NoDR) and to explore the optimal method for detecting early diabetic visual disorders among functional and retinal structural assessments included.MethodsThis cross-sectional study examined eyes by the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts, visual psychophysical tests, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA). Visual psychophysical metrics included grating acuity (GA), and contrast sensitivity to first-order motion stimuli (1stM), second-order contrast-modulated stationary stimuli (2ndS), and second-order motion stimuli (2ndM). Generalized linear mixed effect (GLME) models were applied to assess group effects and linear relationships between measurements. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was utilized to identify the optimal classifier for detecting NoDR.ResultsFifty-three eyes of 33 patients with NoDR and 40 eyes of 27 healthy controls were included. The NoDR group showed significant reductions in various visual functions, including ETDRS acuity, GA, 2ndS, and 2ndM (P values < 0.001), and microvascular changes in foveal vascular density (FD-300), the acircularity index (AI) of the foveal avascular zone, and the parafoveal superficial capillary plexus density (P values < 0.05). GLME models revealed these retinal variations were not significantly correlated with early diabetic visual function abnormalities. ROC analysis demonstrated the integration of GA and FD-300 (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.911) is the most effective classifier for detecting early diabetic visual dysfunctions.ConclusionsIn addition to retinal defects, both low- and higher-order visual function disorders along the visual pathway exist in patients with NoDR. Combining functional and structural measurements may provide more accurate assessments for detecting early diabetic visual disorders.Translational relevanceSophisticated visual psychophysical measurements, including grating acuity and second-order function, could be applied for detecting early diabetic visual disorders.

Dataset Information

Raising the level: orangutans solve the floating peanut task without visual feedback.

Publications

Raising the level: orangutans solve the floating peanut task without visual feedback.

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