Durability of Anti-Spike Antibodies in Infants After Maternal COVID-19 Vaccination or Natural Infection.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Shook LL
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8822441 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Mar
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Durability of Anti-Spike Antibodies in Infants After Maternal COVID-19 Vaccination or Natural Infection.
Shook Lydia L LL Atyeo Caroline G CG Yonker Lael M LM Fasano Alessio A Gray Kathryn J KJ Alter Galit G Edlow Andrea G AG
JAMA 20220301 11
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Project description:Background and objectivesMaternal vaccination may prevent infant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to quantify protection against infection from maternally derived vaccine-induced antibodies in the first 6 months of an infant's life.MethodsInfants born to mothers vaccinated during pregnancy with 2 or 3 doses of a messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine (nonboosted or boosted, respectively) had full-length spike (Spike) immunoglobulin G (IgG), pseudovirus 614D, and live virus D614G, and omicron BA.1 and BA.5 neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers measured at delivery. Infant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was determined by verified maternal-report and laboratory confirmation through prospective follow-up to 6 months of age between December 2021 and July 2022. The risk reduction for infection by dose group and antibody titer level was estimated in separate models.ResultsInfants of boosted mothers (n = 204) had significantly higher Spike IgG, pseudovirus, and live nAb titers at delivery than infants of nonboosted mothers (n = 271), and were 56% less likely to acquire infection in the first 6 months (P = .03). Irrespective of boost, for each 10-fold increase in Spike IgG titer at delivery, the infant's risk of acquiring infection was reduced by 47% (95% confidence interval 8%-70%; P = .02). Similarly, a 10-fold increase in pseudovirus titers against Wuhan Spike, and live virus nAb titers against D614G, and omicron BA.1 and BA.5 at delivery were associated with a 30%, 46%, 56%, and 60% risk reduction, respectively.ConclusionsHigher transplacental binding and nAb titers substantially reduced the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants, and a booster dose amplified protection during a period of omicron predominance. Until infants are age-eligible for vaccination, maternal vaccination provides passive protection against symptomatic infection during early infancy.
| S-EPMC10904887 | biostudies-literature
Project description:After over one year of evolution, through billions of infections in humans, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into a score of slightly divergent lineages. A few different amino acids in the spike proteins of these lineages can hamper both natural immunity against reinfection, and vaccine efficacy. In this study, the in vitro neutralizing potency of sera from convalescent COVID-19 patients and vaccinated subjects was analyzed against six different SARS-CoV-2 lineages, including the latest B.1.617.2 (or Delta variant), in order to assess the cross-neutralization by anti-spike antibodies. After both single dose vaccination, or natural infection, the neutralizing activity was low and fully effective only against the original lineage, while a double dose or a single dose of vaccine, even one year after natural infection, boosted the cross-neutralizing activity against different lineages. Neither binding, nor the neutralizing activity of sera after vaccination, could predict vaccine failure, underlining the need for additional immunological markers. This study points at the importance of the anamnestic response and repeated vaccine stimulations to elicit a reasonable cross-lineage neutralizing antibody response.
| S-EPMC8537215 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Nirsevimab is an extended half-life monoclonal antibody specific for the prefusion conformation of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein, which has been studied in preterm and full-term infants in the phase 2b and phase 3 MELODY trials. We analyzed serum samples collected from 2,143 infants during these studies to characterize baseline levels of RSV-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), duration of RSV NAb levels following nirsevimab administration, the risk of RSV exposure during the first year of life and the infant's adaptive immune response to RSV following nirsevimab administration. Baseline RSV antibody levels varied widely; consistent with reports that maternal antibodies are transferred late in the third trimester, preterm infants had lower baseline RSV antibody levels than full-term infants. Nirsevimab recipients had RSV NAb levels >140-fold higher than baseline at day 31 and remained >50-fold higher at day 151 and >7-fold higher at day 361. Similar seroresponse rates to the postfusion form of RSV F protein in nirsevimab recipients (68-69%) compared with placebo recipients (63-70%; not statistically significant) suggest that while nirsevimab protects from RSV disease, it still allows an active immune response. In summary, nirsevimab provided sustained, high levels of NAb throughout an infant's first RSV season and prevented RSV disease while allowing the development of an immune response to RSV.
| S-EPMC10202809 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMultiple myeloma (MM) patients have variable responses to mRNA vaccination to COVID-19. Little is known regarding their vaccine-induced antibody levels over time.MethodsWe monitored spike IgG antibody levels over 24 weeks among a subset of 18 MM patients who showed a full response after two mRNA vaccinations.ResultsMM patients had a more rapid decline in antibody levels as compared to eight healthy controls, with power law half-lives of 72 days (vs. 107 days) and exponential half-lives of 37 days (vs. 51 days). The patients with longer SARS-CoV-2 antibody half-lives were more likely to have undetectable monoclonal protein than those with shorter half-lives, suggesting better disease control may correlate with longer duration of vaccine-induced antibodies. Regardless, by 16 weeks post-second dose of mRNA vaccination, the majority of patients had antibody levels below 250 binding arbitrary units per milliliter, which would be unlikely to contribute to preventing COVID-19.ConclusionsThus, even MM patients who respond adequately to vaccination are likely to require more frequent booster doses than the general population.
| S-EPMC10172160 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesTo examine the differences in durability and its determinants of humoral immunity following 2- and 3-dose COVID-19 vaccination.MethodsThroughout the pandemic, we evaluated the anti-spike IgG antibody titers of 2- and 3-dose mRNA vaccine recipients over time among the staff of a medical and research center in Tokyo. Linear mixed models were used to estimate trajectories of antibody titers from 14 to 180 days after the last immune-conferred event (vaccination or infection) and compare antibody waning rates across prior infection and vaccination status, and across background factors in infection-naïve participants.ResultsA total of 6901 measurements from 2964 participants (median age, 35 years; 30% male) were analyzed. Antibody waning rate (percentage per 30 days [95% confidence interval]) was slower after 3-dose (25% [23-26]) than 2-dose (36% [35-37]). Participants with hybrid immunity (vaccination and infection) had further slower waning rates: 2-dose plus infection (16% [9-22]); 3-dose plus infection (21% [17-25]). Older age, male sex, obesity, coexisting diseases, immunosuppressant use, smoking, and alcohol drinking were associated with lower antibody titers, whereas these associations disappeared after 3-dose, except for sex (lower in female participants) and immunosuppressant use. Antibody waned slightly faster in older participants, females, and alcohol drinkers after 2-dose, whereas it did not differ after 3-dose across except sex.ConclusionsThe 3-dose mRNA vaccine conferred higher durable antibody titers, and previous infection modestly enhanced its durability. The antibody levels at a given time point and waning speed after 2-dose differed across background factors; however, these differences mostly diminished after 3-dose.
| S-EPMC10207835 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundWe evaluated the immunogenicity of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) in pregnant women with and those without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the persistence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in mothers and infants.MethodsAntibodies were measured before vaccination, 1 month after vaccination, at delivery, and at postpartum week 24 in mothers and within 1 week of birth and at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age in infants.ResultsWe enrolled 98 HIV-uninfected and 100 HIV-infected pregnant women, including 93% with a CD4(+) T-cell count of ≥ 200 cells/µL. Compared with HIV-uninfected women, HIV-infected women had lower seroconversion rates (ranging from 63%-92% vs 36%-40%), lower antibody titers through postpartum week 24, and overlapping antibody half-lives (ranging from 106-121 vs 87-153 days). Infant titers were lower than the maternal titers within 1 week of delivery, regardless of vaccine strain and HIV exposure status. Compared with HIV-unexposed infants, HIV-exposed infants had a similar transplacental influenza virus antibody transfer ratio, lower titers, and a lower frequency of titers ≥ 1:40 (ranging from 82%-95% vs 43%-79%) at birth and higher antibody half-lives (ranging from 43-45 vs 56-65 days).ConclusionsCompared with HIV-uninfected pregnant women, HIV-infected pregnant women had lower antibody responses and persistence. Compared with HIV-unexposed infants, HIV-exposed infants had lower antibody levels at birth but similar antibody levels after 8 weeks of life. Early IIV3 administration during pregnancy did not decrease antibody titers among infants at birth.
| S-EPMC4655859 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundInfants younger than 6 months of age are at high risk for complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and are not eligible for vaccination. Transplacental transfer of antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) after maternal Covid-19 vaccination may confer protection against Covid-19 in infants.MethodsWe used a case-control test-negative design to assess the effectiveness of maternal vaccination during pregnancy against hospitalization for Covid-19 among infants younger than 6 months of age. Between July 1, 2021, and March 8, 2022, we enrolled infants hospitalized for Covid-19 (case infants) and infants hospitalized without Covid-19 (control infants) at 30 hospitals in 22 states. We estimated vaccine effectiveness by comparing the odds of full maternal vaccination (two doses of mRNA vaccine) among case infants and control infants during circulation of the B.1.617.2 (delta) variant (July 1, 2021, to December 18, 2021) and the B.1.1.259 (omicron) variant (December 19, 2021, to March 8, 2022).ResultsA total of 537 case infants (181 of whom had been admitted to a hospital during the delta period and 356 during the omicron period; median age, 2 months) and 512 control infants were enrolled and included in the analyses; 16% of the case infants and 29% of the control infants had been born to mothers who had been fully vaccinated against Covid-19 during pregnancy. Among the case infants, 113 (21%) received intensive care (64 [12%] received mechanical ventilation or vasoactive infusions). Two case infants died from Covid-19; neither infant's mother had been vaccinated during pregnancy. The effectiveness of maternal vaccination against hospitalization for Covid-19 among infants was 52% (95% confidence interval [CI], 33 to 65) overall, 80% (95% CI, 60 to 90) during the delta period, and 38% (95% CI, 8 to 58) during the omicron period. Effectiveness was 69% (95% CI, 50 to 80) when maternal vaccination occurred after 20 weeks of pregnancy and 38% (95% CI, 3 to 60) during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy.ConclusionsMaternal vaccination with two doses of mRNA vaccine was associated with a reduced risk of hospitalization for Covid-19, including for critical illness, among infants younger than 6 months of age. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
| S-EPMC9342588 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceThe BNT162b2 two-dose vaccine (BioNTech/Pfizer) has high effectiveness that wanes within several months. The third dose is effective in mounting a significant immune response, but its durability is unknown.ObjectiveTo compare antibody waning after second and third doses and estimate the association of antibody kinetics with susceptibility to infection with the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.Design, setting, and participantsIn a prospective longitudinal cohort study in a tertiary medical center in Israel, health care workers who received the BNT162b2 vaccine were followed up monthly for IgG and neutralizing antibody levels. Linear mixed models were used to compare antibody titer waning of second and third doses and to assess whether antibody dynamics were associated with Omicron transmission. Avidity, T cell activation, and microneutralization of sera against different variants of concern were assessed for a subgroup.ExposureVaccination with a booster dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was the rate of antibody titer change over time, and the secondary outcome was SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection, as confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.ResultsOverall, 4868 health care workers (mean [SD] age, 46.9 [13.7] years; 3558 [73.1%] women) and 3972 health care workers (mean [SD] age, 48.5 [14.1] years; 996 [74.9%] women) were followed up for 5 months after their second and third vaccine doses, respectively. Waning of IgG levels was slower after the third compared with the second dose (1.32%/d [95% CI, 1,29%/d to 1.36%/d] vs 2.26% [95% CI, 2.13%/d 2.38%/d]), as was waning of neutralizing antibody levels (1.32%/d [95% CI, 1.21%/d to 1.43%/d] vs 3.34%/d [95% CI, 3.11%/d to 3.58%/d]). Among 2865 health care workers assessed for Omicron incidence during an additional 2 months of follow-up, lower IgG peak (ratio of means 0.86 [95% CI, 0.80-0.91]) was associated with Omicron infection, and among participants aged 65 years and older, faster waning of IgG and neutralizing antibodies (ratio of mean rates, 1.40; [95% CI, 1.13-1.68] and 3.58 [95% CI, 1.92-6.67], respectively) were associated with Omicron infection. No waning in IgG avidity was observed 112 days after the third dose. Live neutralization of Omicron was lower compared with previous strains, with a geometric mean titer at the peak of 111 (95% CI, 75-166), compared with 942 (95% CI, 585-1518) for WT, 410 (95% CI, 266-634) for Delta; it demonstrated similar waning to 26 (95% CI, 16-42) within 4 months. Among 77 participants tested for T cell activity, mean (SD) T cell activity decreased from 98 (5.4) T cells/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells to 59 (9.3) T cells/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Conclusions and relevanceThis study found that the third vaccine dose was associated with greater durability than the second dose; however, Omicron was associated with greater resistance to neutralization than wild type and Delta variants of concern. Humoral response dynamics were associated with susceptibility to Omicron infection.
| S-EPMC9478782 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The consequences of past COVID-19 infection for personal and population health are emerging, but accurately identifying distant infection is a challenge. Anti-spike antibodies rise after both vaccination and infection and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies rapidly decline. We evaluated anti-membrane antibodies in COVID-19 naïve, vaccinated, and convalescent subjects to determine if they persist and accurately detect distant infection. We found that anti-membrane antibodies persist for at least a year and are a sensitive and specific marker of past COVID-19 infection. Thus, anti-membrane and anti-spike antibodies together can differentiate between COVID-19 convalescent, vaccinated, and naïve states to advance public health and research.
| S-EPMC9278254 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a major cause of malignancy worldwide. Maternal antibody is thought to prevent EBV infection because it is uncommon in early infancy. Maternal HIV infection is associated with an increased incidence of EBV infection in exposed infants, which we hypothesized results from impaired transfer of EBV-neutralizing maternal antibodies.MethodsAmong Ugandan infants followed for EBV acquisition from birth, we measured antibody binding to EBV glycoproteins (gp350, gH/gL) involved in B-cell and epithelial-cell entry, as well as viral neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity in plasma samples prior to infection. These serologic data were analyzed for differences between HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) and HIV-unexposed (HUU) infants, and for associations with incident infant EBV infection.ResultsHEU infants had significantly higher titers than HUU infants for all EBV-binding and neutralizing antibodies measured (P < .01) but not ADCC activity, which was similar between groups. No antibody measure was associated with a decreased risk of EBV acquisition in the cohort.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that in this cohort maternal antibody did not protect infants against EBV infection through viral neutralization. The identification of protective nonneutralizing antibody functions would be invaluable for the development of an EBV vaccine.
| S-EPMC8176630 | biostudies-literature