Strong influenza-induced T_FH generation requires CD4 effectors to recognize antigen locally and receive signals from continuing infection.

ABSTRACT: While influenza infection induces robust, long-lasting, antibody responses and protection, including the T follicular helper cells (T_FH) required to drive B cell germinal center (GC) responses, most influenza vaccines do not. We investigated the mechanisms that drive strong T_FH responses during infection. Infection induces viral replication and antigen (Ag) presentation lasting through the CD4 effector phase, but Ag and pathogen recognition receptor signals are short-lived after vaccination. We analyzed the need for both infection and Ag presentation at the effector phase, using an in vivo sequential transfer model to time their availability. Differentiation of CD4 effectors into T_FH and GC-T_FH required that they recognize Ag locally in the site

SUBMITTER: Devarajan P 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8872786 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature