Dataset Information

Predictors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Following High-Risk Exposure.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are recommended for COVID-19 prevention. However, the effectiveness of NPIs in preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission remains poorly quantified.

Methods

We conducted a test-negative design case-control study enrolling cases (testing positive for SARS-CoV-2) and controls (testing negative) with molecular SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test results reported to California Department of Public Health between 24 February-12 November, 2021. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of case status among participants who reported contact with an individual known or suspected to have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 ("high-risk exposure") ≤14 days before testing.

Results

751 of 1448 cases (52%) and 255 of 1443 controls (18%) reported high-risk exposures ≤14 days before testing. Adjusted odds of case status were 3.02-fold (95% confidence interval: 1.75-5.22) higher when high-risk exposures occurred with household members (vs. other contacts), 2.10-fold (1.05-4.21) higher when exposures occurred indoors (vs. outdoors only), and 2.15-fold (1.27-3.67) higher when exposures lasted ≥3 hours (vs. shorter durations) among unvaccinated and partially-vaccinated individuals; excess risk associated with such exposures was mitigated among fully-vaccinated individuals. Cases were less likely than controls to report mask usage during high-risk exposures (aOR = 0.50 [0.29-0.85]). The adjusted odds of case status was lower for fully-vaccinated (aOR = 0.25 [0.15-0.43]) participants compared to unvaccinated participants. Benefits of mask usage were greatest among unvaccinated and partially-vaccinated participants, and in interactions involving non-household contacts or interactions occurring without physical contact.

Conclusions

NPIs reduced the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection following high-risk exposure. Vaccine effectiveness was substantial for partially and fully vaccinated persons.

SUBMITTER: Andrejko KL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8903328 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Predictors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Following High-Risk Exposure.

Andrejko Kristin L KL Pry Jake J Myers Jennifer F JF Openshaw John J Watt James J Birkett Nozomi N DeGuzman Jennifer L JL Barbaduomo Camilla M CM Dong Zheng N ZN Fang Anna T AT Frost Paulina M PM Ho Timothy T Javadi Mahsa H MH Li Sophia S SS Tran Vivian H VH Wan Christine C Jain Seema S Lewnard Joseph A JA

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 20220801 1

<h4>Background</h4>Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are recommended for COVID-19 prevention. However, the effectiveness of NPIs in preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission remains poorly quantified.<h4>Methods</h4>We conducted a test-negative design case-control study enrolling cases (testing positive for SARS-CoV-2) and controls (testing negative) with molecular SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test results reported to California Department of Public Health between 24 February-12 November, 2021. We used ...[more]

PMID: 34932817

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Project description:The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which results from the rapid spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a significant global public health threat, with molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis largely unknown. Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) are known to play important roles in almost all biological processes. In the context of viral infections, sncRNAs have been shown to regulate the host responses, viral replication, and host-virus interaction. Compared with other subfamilies of sncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) are relatively new and emerge as a significant regulator of host-virus interactions. Using T4 PNK‐RNA‐seq, a modified next‐generation sequencing (NGS), we recently found that nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) samples from SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative subjects show a significant difference in sncRNA profiles. There are about 166 SARS-CoV- 2-impacted sncRNAs. Among them, tRFs are the most significantly affected and almost all impacted tRFs are derived from the 5’-end of tRNAs (tRF5). Using a modified qRT-PCR, which was recently developed to specifically quantify tRF5s by isolating the tRF signals from its corresponding parent tRNA signals, we validated that tRF5s derived from tRNA GluCTC (tRF5-GluCTC), LysCTT (tRF5-LysCTT), ValCAC (tRF5-ValCAC), CysGCA (tRF5-CysGCA) and GlnCTG (tRF5-GlnCTG) are enhanced in NPS samples of SARS-CoV2 patients and SARS-CoV2-infected airway epithelial cells. In addition to host-derived ncRNAs, we also identified several sncRNAs derived from the virus (svRNAs), among which a svRNA derived from CoV2 genomic site 346 to 382 (sv-CoV2-346) has the highest expression. The induction of both tRFs and sv-CoV2-346 has not been reported previously, as the lack of the 3’-OH ends of these sncRNAs prevents them to be detected by routine NGS. In summary, our studies demonstrated the involvement of tRFs in COVID-19 and revealed new CoV2 svRNAs.

Dataset Information

Predictors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Following High-Risk Exposure.

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Publications

Predictors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Following High-Risk Exposure.

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