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Exploring the mechanical and morphological rationality of tree branch structure based on 3D point cloud analysis and the finite element method.

ABSTRACT: Trees are thought to have acquired a mechanically optimized shape through evolution, but a scientific methodology to investigate the mechanical rationality of tree morphology remains to be established. The aim of this study was to develop a new method for 3D reconstruction of actual tree shape and to establish a theoretical formulation for elucidating the structure and function of tree branches. We obtained 3D point cloud data of tree shape of Japanese zelkova (Zelkova serrata) and Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) using the NavVis Lidar scanner, then applied a cylinder structure extraction from point cloud data with error estimation. We then formulated the mechanical stress of branches under gravity using the elastic theory, and performed finite element method simulations to evaluate the mechanical characteristics. Subsequently, we constructed a mechanics-based theoretical formulation of branch development that ensures constant bending stress produces various branching patterns depending on growth properties. The derived theory recapitulates the trade-off among branch growth anisotropy, stress-gravity length, and branch shape, which may open the quantitative way to evaluate mechanical and morphological rationality of tree branches.

SUBMITTER: Tsugawa S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8904476 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Exploring the mechanical and morphological rationality of tree branch structure based on 3D point cloud analysis and the finite element method.

Tsugawa Satoru S Teratsuji Kaname K Okura Fumio F Noshita Koji K Tateno Masaki M Zhang Jingyao J Demura Taku T

Scientific reports 20220308 1

Trees are thought to have acquired a mechanically optimized shape through evolution, but a scientific methodology to investigate the mechanical rationality of tree morphology remains to be established. The aim of this study was to develop a new method for 3D reconstruction of actual tree shape and to establish a theoretical formulation for elucidating the structure and function of tree branches. We obtained 3D point cloud data of tree shape of Japanese zelkova (Zelkova serrata) and Japanese larc ...[more]

PMID: 35260741

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Project description:PurposeWith the growing popularity of badminton worldwide, the incidence of badminton-related ocular injuries is expected to rise. The high velocity of shuttlecocks renders ocular traumas particularly devastating, especially with the possibility of permanent vision loss. This study investigated the mechanism behind ocular complications through simulation analyses of mechanical stresses and pressures upon shuttlecock impact.DesignComputational simulation study.ParticipantsNone.MethodsA 3-dimensional human eye model was reconstructed based on the physiological and biomechanical properties of various ocular tissues. Finite element analysis simulations involved a frontal collision with a shuttlecock projectile at 128.7 km/hour (80 mph). Intraocular pressure (IOP) changes and tissue stress were mapped and quantified in the following ocular structures: the limbus, ciliary body, zonular fibers, ora serrata, retina, and optic nerve head.Main outcome measuresIntraocular pressure and tissue stress.ResultsUpon shuttlecock impact, compressive force was transferred to the anterior pole of the cornea, propagating posteriorly to the optic nerve head. Deflection of forces anteriorly contributed to refractory oscillations of compressive and tensile stress of ocular tissue. Initial impact led to a momentary (<1 ms) spike in IOP 5.66 MPa (42.5 × 103 mmHg) that radially distributed for a very brief instance (<1 ms) of pressure at the trabecular meshwork of the iridocorneal angle of 1.25 MPa (9.4 × 103 mmHg). The lens had a maximal posterior displacement of 1.5 mm with peak zonular fiber tensile strain of 52%. The limbus, ciliary body, and ora serrata had a peak tensile stress of 5.16 MPa, 1.90 MPa, and 0.62 MPa, respectively. Compressive force from the sclera concentrated at the optic nerve head for a peak stress of 5.97 MPa while peak pressure from vitreous humor was 7.99 MPa.ConclusionsShuttlecock impact led to a very brief, substantial rise in pressure and stress significant for tissue damage and subsequent complications, such as secondary glaucoma, angle recession, lens subluxation, hyphema, or retinal dialysis. Our findings offer valuable mechanistic insights into how ocular structures are affected by shuttlecock projectile impact to inform clinical assessments and treatment strategies, while highlighting the importance of protective eyewear in racket sports.Financial disclosuresProprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Project description:Fish morphological phenotypes are important resources in artificial breeding, functional gene mapping, and population-based studies in aquaculture and ecology. Traditional morphological measurement of phenotypes is rather expensive in terms of time and labor. More importantly, manual measurement is highly dependent on operational experience, which can lead to subjective phenotyping results. Here, we developed 3DPhenoFish software to extract fish morphological phenotypes from three-dimensional (3D) point cloud data. Algorithms for background elimination, coordinate normalization, image segmentation, key point recognition, and phenotype extraction were developed and integrated into an intuitive user interface. Furthermore, 18 key points and traditional 2D morphological traits, along with 3D phenotypes, including area and volume, can be automatically obtained in a visualized manner. Intuitive fine-tuning of key points and customized definitions of phenotypes are also allowed in the software. Using 3DPhenoFish, we performed high-throughput phenotyping for four endemic Schizothoracinae species, including Schizopygopsis younghusbandi, Oxygymnocypris stewartii, Ptychobarbus dipogon, and Schizothorax oconnori. Results indicated that the morphological phenotypes from 3DPhenoFish exhibited high linear correlation (>0.94) with manual measurements and offered informative traits to discriminate samples of different species and even for different populations of the same species. In summary, we developed an efficient, accurate, and customizable tool, 3DPhenoFish, to extract morphological phenotypes from point cloud data, which should help overcome traditional challenges in manual measurements. 3DPhenoFish can be used for research on morphological phenotypes in fish, including functional gene mapping, artificial selection, and conservation studies. 3DPhenoFish is an open-source software and can be downloaded for free at https://github.com/lyh24k/3DPhenoFish/tree/master.

Dataset Information

Exploring the mechanical and morphological rationality of tree branch structure based on 3D point cloud analysis and the finite element method.

Publications

Exploring the mechanical and morphological rationality of tree branch structure based on 3D point cloud analysis and the finite element method.

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