Opinion: the Future of Electrical Impedance Tomography.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Aristovich K
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8975587 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Opinion: the Future of Electrical Impedance Tomography.
Journal of electrical bioimpedance 20220101 1
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Project description:The characterization of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) relies mainly on right heart catheterization (RHC). Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) provides a non-invasive estimation of lung perfusion that could complement the hemodynamic information from RHC. To assess the association between impedance variation of lung perfusion (ΔZQ) and hemodynamic profile, severity, and prognosis, suspected of PAH or worsening PAH patients were submitted simultaneously to RHC and EIT. Measurements of ΔZQ were obtained. Based on the results of the RHC, 35 patients composed the PAH group, and eight patients, the normopressoric (NP) group. PAH patients showed a significantly reduced ΔZQ compared to the NP group. There was a significant correlation between ΔZQ and hemodynamic parameters, particularly with stroke volume (SV) (r = 0.76; P < 0.001). At 60 months, 15 patients died (43%) and 1 received lung transplantation; at baseline they had worse hemodynamics, and reduced ΔZQ when compared to survivors. Patients with low ΔZQ (≤154.6%.Kg) presented significantly worse survival (P = 0.033). ΔZQ is associated with hemodynamic status of PAH patients, with disease severity and survival, demonstrating EIT as a promising tool for monitoring patients with pulmonary vascular disease.
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Project description:This scoping review summarizes two emerging electrical impedance technologies: electrical impedance myography (EIM) and electrical impedance tomography (EIT). These methods involve injecting a current into tissue and recording the response at different frequencies to understand tissue properties. The review discusses basic methods and trends, particularly the use of electrodes: EIM uses electrodes for either injection or recording, while EIT uses them for both. Ag/AgCl electrodes are prevalent, and current injection is preferred over voltage injection due to better resistance to electrode wear and impedance changes. Advances in digital processing and integrated circuits have shifted EIM and EIT toward digital acquisition, using voltage-controlled current sources (VCCSs) that support multiple frequencies. The review details powerful processing algorithms and reconstruction tools for EIT and EIM, examining their strengths and weaknesses. It also summarizes commercial devices and clinical applications: EIT is effective for detecting cancerous tissue and monitoring pulmonary issues, while EIM is used for neuromuscular disease detection and monitoring. The role of machine learning and deep learning in advancing diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring is highlighted. This review provides a roadmap for researchers on device evolution, algorithms, reconstruction tools, and datasets, offering clinicians and researchers information on commercial devices and clinical studies for effective use and innovative research.
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Project description:Imaging of neuronal depolarization in the brain is a major goal in neuroscience, but no technique currently exists that could image neural activity over milliseconds throughout the whole brain. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an emerging medical imaging technique which can produce tomographic images of impedance changes with non-invasive surface electrodes. We report EIT imaging of impedance changes in rat somatosensory cerebral cortex with a resolution of 2ms and <200μm during evoked potentials using epicortical arrays with 30 electrodes. Images were validated with local field potential recordings and current source-sink density analysis. Our results demonstrate that EIT can image neural activity in a volume 7×5×2mm in somatosensory cerebral cortex with reduced invasiveness, greater resolution and imaging volume than other methods. Modeling indicates similar resolutions are feasible throughout the entire brain so this technique, uniquely, has the potential to image functional connectivity of cortical and subcortical structures.
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Project description:Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is medical imaging technique in which small electrical signals are used to map the electrical impedance distribution within the body. It is safe and non-invasive, which make it attractive for use in continuous monitoring or outpatient applications, but the high cost of commercial devices is an impediment to its adoption. Over the last 10 years, many research groups have developed their own EIT devices, but few designs for open-source EIT hardware are available. In this work, we present a complete open-source EIT system that is designed to be suitable for monitoring the lungs of free breathing subjects. The device is low-cost, wearable, and is designed to comply with the industry accepted safety standard for EIT. The device has been tested in two regimes: Firstly in terms of measurement uncertainty as a voltage measurement system, and secondly against a set of measures that have been proposed specifically for EIT hardware. The voltage measurement uncertainty of the device was measured to be - 0.7 % ± 0.36 mV. The EIT specific performance was measured in a phantom test designed to be as physiologically representative as practicable, and the device performed similarly to other published devices. This work will contribute to increased accessibility of EIT for study and will contribute to consensus on testing methodology for EIT devices.
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Project description:Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive real-time non-ionising imaging modality that has many applications. Since the first recorded use in 1978, the technology has become more widely used especially in human adult and neonatal critical care monitoring. Recently, there has been an increase in research on thoracic EIT in veterinary medicine. Real-time imaging of the thorax allows evaluation of ventilation distribution in anesthetised and conscious animals. As the technology becomes recognised in the veterinary community there is a need to standardize approaches to data collection, analysis, interpretation and nomenclature, ensuring comparison and repeatability between researchers and studies. A group of nineteen veterinarians and two biomedical engineers experienced in veterinary EIT were consulted and contributed to the preparation of this statement. The aim of this consensus is to provide an introduction to this imaging modality, to highlight clinical relevance and to include recommendations on how to effectively use thoracic EIT in veterinary species. Based on this, the consensus statement aims to address the need for a streamlined approach to veterinary thoracic EIT and includes: an introduction to the use of EIT in veterinary species, the technical background to creation of the functional images, a consensus from all contributing authors on the practical application and use of the technology, descriptions and interpretation of current available variables including appropriate statistical analysis, nomenclature recommended for consistency and future developments in thoracic EIT. The information provided in this consensus statement may benefit researchers and clinicians working within the field of veterinary thoracic EIT. We endeavor to inform future users of the benefits of this imaging modality and provide opportunities to further explore applications of this technology with regards to perfusion imaging and pathology diagnosis.
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Project description:BackgroundForeign body aspiration (FBA) in children has a high morbidity, and early diagnosis is the key for preventing acute and chronic respiratory complications. To diagnose FBA, commonly used imaging modalities have limited negative predictive value, and rigid bronchoscopy remains as the gold standard. We present a case where the diagnosis of FBA was made in a novel way with electrical impedance tomography (EIT). Case Presentation. A 19-month-old previously healthy boy was admitted with a clinical diagnosis of respiratory failure secondary to bronchiolitis. Chest X-ray showed bilateral lung hyperinflation. He enrolled in a research study which used EIT to measure the effects of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) on minute ventilation in children with bronchiolitis. On initiation, the patient had near-normal right lung ventilation (98%) and near-absent left lung ventilation (2%). We discontinued the study and alerted the medical team that we suspected FBA. Further imaging (lateral decubitus films and lung ultrasounds) was also obtained, but was not diagnostic. Rigid bronchoscopy was performed and showed a peanut occluding the left mainstem bronchus (LMB). The peanut was removed followed by complete resolution of the patient's symptoms.ConclusionsWe believe this is the first reported case of FBA diagnosed via EIT. EIT has been shown to be a useful but underutilized technology for diagnosing respiratory disease. While FBA remains a relatively common cause of morbidity and mortality in children less than age four, early diagnosis remains difficult and requires vigilance. This case illustrates the challenges of relying on chest films and ultrasound to assist with diagnosis and suggests that EIT in combination with a thorough history and physical exam can be used to confirm the presence of FBA.
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Project description:BackgroundPlant roots are complex, three-dimensional structures that play a central role in anchorage, water and nutrient acquisition, storage and interaction with rhizosphere microbes. Studying the development of the plant root system architecture is inherently difficult as soil is not a transparent medium.ResultsThis study uses electrical impedance tomography (EIT) to visualise oilseed rape root development in horticultural compost. The development of healthy, control plants and those infected with the gall-forming pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae-the causative agent of clubroot disease-were compared. EIT measurements were used to quantify the development of the root system and distinguish between control and infected plants at the onset of gall formation, approximately 20 days after inoculation. Although clear and stark differences between healthy and infected plants were obtained by careful (and hence laborious) packing of the growth medium in layers within the pots; clubroot identification is still possible without a laborious vessel filling protocol.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate the utility of EIT as a low-cost, non-invasive, non-destructive method for characterising root system architecture and plant-pathogen interactions in opaque growth media. As such it offers advantages over other root characterisation techniques and has the potential to act as a low-cost tool for plant phenotyping.
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Project description:Pneumothorax is a potentially life-threatening complication of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). We describe a case of a tension pneumothorax that occurred during neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) in a preterm infant suffering from RDS. The infant was included in a multicenter study examining the role of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) in intensive care and therefore continuously monitored with this imaging method. The attending physicians were blinded for EIT findings but offline analysis revealed the potential of EIT to clarify the underlying cause of this complication, which in this case was heterogeneous lung disease resulting in uneven ventilation distribution. Instantaneous increase in end-expiratory lung impedance on the affected side was observed at time of the air leak. Real-time bedside availability of EIT data could have modified the treatment decisions made.
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Project description: Not available
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Project description:Objective: Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a technique to measure electrical properties of tissue. With the progress of modern integrated circuits and microchips, EIT instrumentation becomes an active research area to improve all aspects of device performance. Plenty of studies on EIT hardware have been presented in prestigious journals. This study explores publications on EIT hardware to identify the developing hotspots and trends. Method: Publications covering EIT hardware on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database from 1989 to 2021 were collected for bibliometric analysis. CiteSpace and VOS viewer were used to study the characteristics of the publications. Main results: A total of 592 publications were analyzed, showing that the number of annual publications steadily increased. China, England, and South Korea were the most prolific countries on EIT hardware publications with productive native institutions and authors. Research topics spread out in “bio-electrical impedance imaging”, “hardware optimization”, “algorithms” and “clinical applications” (e.g., tissue, lung, brain, and oncology). Hardware research in “pulmonary” and “hemodynamic” applications focused on monitoring and were represented by silhouette recognition and dynamic imaging while research in “tumor and tissue” and “brain” applications focused on diagnosis and were represented by optimization of precision. Electrode development was a research focus through the years. Imaging precision and bioavailability of hardware optimization may be the future trend. Conclusion: Overall, system performance, particularly in the areas of system bandwidth and precision in applications may be the future directions of hardware research.
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