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Vertical matrix perovskite X-ray detector for effective multi-energy discrimination.

ABSTRACT: Multi-energy X-ray detection is sought after for a wide range of applications including medical imaging, security checking and industrial flaw inspection. Perovskite X-ray detectors are superior in terms of high sensitivity and low detection limit, which lays a foundation for multi-energy discrimination. However, the extended capability of the perovskite detector for multi-energy X-ray detection is challenging and has never been reported. Herein we report the design of vertical matrix perovskite X-ray detectors for multi-energy detection, based on the attenuation behavior of X-ray within the detector and machine learning algorithm. This platform is independent of the complex X-ray source components that constrain the energy discrimination capability. We show that the incident X-ray spectra could be accurately reconstructed from the conversion matrix and measured photocurrent response. Moreover, the detector could produce a set of images containing the density-graded information under single exposure, and locate the concealed position for all low-, medium- and high-density substances. Our findings suggest a new generation of X-ray detectors with features of multi-energy discrimination, density differentiation, and contrast-enhanced imaging.

SUBMITTER: Pang J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9023493 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Vertical matrix perovskite X-ray detector for effective multi-energy discrimination.

Pang Jincong J Zhao Shan S Du Xinyuan X Wu Haodi H Niu Guangda G Tang Jiang J

Light, science & applications 20220421 1

Multi-energy X-ray detection is sought after for a wide range of applications including medical imaging, security checking and industrial flaw inspection. Perovskite X-ray detectors are superior in terms of high sensitivity and low detection limit, which lays a foundation for multi-energy discrimination. However, the extended capability of the perovskite detector for multi-energy X-ray detection is challenging and has never been reported. Herein we report the design of vertical matrix perovskite ...[more]

PMID: 35449122

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Project description:PurposeThe goal is to provide a sufficient condition for the invertibility of a multi-energy (ME) X-ray transform. The energy-dependent X-ray attenuation profiles can be represented by a set of coefficients using the Alvarez-Macovski (AM) method. An ME X-ray transform is a mapping from N AM coefficients to N noise-free energy-weighted measurements, where N≥2 .MethodsWe apply a general invertibility theorem to prove the equivalence of global and local invertibility for an ME X-ray transform. We explore the global invertibility through testing whether the Jacobian of the mapping J(A) has zero values over the support of the mapping. The Jacobian of an arbitrary ME X-ray transform is an integration over all spectral measurements. A sufficient condition for J(A)≠0 for all A is that the integrand of J(A) is ≥0 (or ≤0 ) everywhere. Note that the trivial case of the integrand equals 0 everywhere is ignored. Using symmetry, we simplified the integrand of the Jacobian to three factors that are determined by the total attenuation, the basis functions, and the energy-weighting functions, respectively. The factor related to the total attenuation is always positive; hence, the invertibility of the X-ray transform can be determined by testing the signs of the other two factors. Furthermore, we use the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) to characterize the noise-induced estimation uncertainty and provide a maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator.ResultsThe factor related to the basis functions is always negative when the photoelectric/Compton/Rayleigh basis functions are used and K-edge materials are not considered. The sign of the energy-weighting factor depends on the system source spectra and the detector response functions. For four special types of X-ray detectors, the sign of this factor stays the same over the integration range. Therefore, when these four types of detectors are used for imaging non-K-edge materials, the ME X-ray transform is globally invertible. The same framework can be used to study an arbitrary ME X-ray imaging system, for example, when K-edge materials are present. Furthermore, the ML estimator we presented is an unbiased, efficient estimator and can be used for a wide range of scenes.ConclusionsWe have provided a framework to study the invertibility of an arbitrary ME X-ray transform and proved the global invertibility for four types of systems.

Dataset Information

Vertical matrix perovskite X-ray detector for effective multi-energy discrimination.

Publications

Vertical matrix perovskite X-ray detector for effective multi-energy discrimination.

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