All-trans-retinoic acid induces RARB-dependent apoptosis via ROS induction and enhances cisplatin sensitivity by NRF2 downregulation in cholangiocarcinoma cells.

ABSTRACT: All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) has been clinically used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia and is being studied to treat other types of cancer; however, the therapeutic role and mechanism of ATRA against cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) remain unclear. The present study investigated the cytotoxic effect and underlying mechanisms of ATRA on CCA cell lines. Cell viability was evaluated by sulforhodamine B assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed by dihydroethidium assay. Apoptosis analysis was performed by flow cytometry. The pathways of apoptotic cell death induction were examined using enzymatic caspase activity assay. Proteins associated with apoptosis were evaluated by western blotting. The effects on gene expression were analyzed by reverse transcription

SUBMITTER: Butsri S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9025595 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature