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Antiseptic Materials on the Base of Polymer Interpenetrating Networks Microgels and Benzalkonium Chloride.

ABSTRACT: Polymer microgels, including those based on interpenetrating networks (IPNs), are currently vastly studied, and their practical applications are a matter of thriving research. In this work, we show the perspective for the use of polyelectrolyte IPN microgels either as scavengers or carriers of antiseptic substances. Here, we report that poly-N-isopropylacrylamide/polyacrylic acid IPN microgels can efficiently absorb the common bactericidal and virucidal compound benzalkonium chloride. The particles can form a stable aqueous colloidal suspension or be used as building blocks for soft free-standing films. Both materials showed antiseptic efficacy on the examples of Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus, which was approximately equal to the commercial antibiotic. Such polymer biocides can be used as liquid disinfectants, stable surface coatings, or parts of biomedical devices and can enhance the versatility of the possible practical applications of polymer microgels.

SUBMITTER: Kozhunova EY

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9027481 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Antiseptic Materials on the Base of Polymer Interpenetrating Networks Microgels and Benzalkonium Chloride.

Kozhunova Elena Yu EY Komarova Galina A GA Vyshivannaya Oxana V OV Nasimova Irina R IR Kuvarina Anastasia E AE Sadykova Vera S VS

International journal of molecular sciences 20220415 8

Polymer microgels, including those based on interpenetrating networks (IPNs), are currently vastly studied, and their practical applications are a matter of thriving research. In this work, we show the perspective for the use of polyelectrolyte IPN microgels either as scavengers or carriers of antiseptic substances. Here, we report that poly-<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide/polyacrylic acid IPN microgels can efficiently absorb the common bactericidal and virucidal compound benzalkonium chloride. The ...[more]

PMID: 35457209

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Project description:IntroductionThe preservative benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is used to preserve several topical, intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering glaucoma medications but can cause tolerability concerns that may lead to decreased adherence to treatment and ultimately diminish the effectiveness of IOP control. The study aimed to determine the efficacy and tolerability of BAK-free travoprost preserved with polyquaternium-1 in glaucoma patients switched from BAK-preserved latanoprost or bimatoprost.MethodsThis 12-week, open-label study was conducted in Europe between December 2011 and February 2013. We enrolled adult patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension who were receiving BAK-preserved latanoprost 0.005% or bimatoprost 0.01% and, in the opinion of the investigator, would benefit from transition to BAK-free travoprost 0.004% preserved with polyquaternium-1 because of tolerability concerns. Assessments included IOP, proportion of patients with IOP ≤18 mmHg, ocular surface status, hyperemia, patient treatment preference, and adherence. Adverse events were recorded throughout the study.ResultsOf the 202 patients screened, 187 patients were included in the intent-to-treat population (mean age, 66.6 years; range, 19-90 years). The mean IOP significantly reduced from baseline (17.0 mmHg) to week 6 (mean change, -1.17 mmHg; P<0.001) and week 12 (-1.16 mmHg; P<0.001). At week 12, more patients achieved IOP ≤18 mmHg (81.2% versus 73.3% at baseline), and ocular surface disease severity improved from baseline to week 12. Most patients preferred BAK-free travoprost (74.9%) versus their previous medication and were very confident in their adherence (84.1%). Reduced visual acuity and eye pruritus were the most common adverse events (2.5% each).ConclusionBAK-free travoprost 0.004% preserved with polyquaternium-1 was efficacious and well tolerated and may be an advantageous prostaglandin analog option for patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension who are intolerant to BAK-preserved latanoprost or bimatoprost.

Project description:This review examined 3655 articles on benzalkonium chloride (BKC), benzethonium chloride (BZT) and chloroxylenol (CHO) aiming to understand their impact on antimicrobial resistance. Following the application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, only 230 articles were retained for analysis; 212 concerned BKC, with only 18 for CHO and BZT. Seventy-eight percent of studies used MIC to measure BKC efficacy. Very few studies defined the term 'resistance' and 85% of studies defined 'resistance' as <10-fold increase (40% as low as 2-fold) in MIC. Only a few in vitro studies reported on formulated products and when they did, products performed better. In vitro studies looking at the impact of BKC exposure on bacterial resistance used either a stepwise training protocol or exposure to constant BKC concentrations. In these, BKC exposure resulted in elevated MIC or/and MBC, often associated with efflux, and at time, a change in antibiotic susceptibility profile. The clinical relevance of these findings was, however, neither reported nor addressed. Of note, several studies reported that bacterial strains with an elevated MIC or MBC remained susceptible to the in-use BKC concentration. BKC exposure was shown to reduce bacterial diversity in complex microbial microcosms, although the clinical significance of such a change has not been established. The impact of BKC exposure on the dissemination of resistant genes (notably efflux) remains speculative, although it manifests that clinical, veterinary and food isolates with elevated BKC MIC carried multiple efflux pump genes. The correlation between BKC usage and gene carriage, maintenance and dissemination has also not been established. The lack of clinical interpretation and significance in these studies does not allow to establish with certainty the role of BKC on AMR in practice. The limited literature and BZT and CHO do not allow to conclude that these will impact negatively on emerging bacterial resistance in practice.

Project description:Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) architectures have gained a lot of interest in recent decades, mainly due to their wide range of applications including water treatment and environmental remediation. IPNs are composed of two or more crosslinked polymeric matrices that are physically entangled but not chemically connected. In polymer science, the interpenetrating network structure with its high polymer chain entanglement is commonly used to generate materials with many functional properties, such as mechanical robustness and adaptable structure. In order to remove a targeted pollutant from contaminated water, it is feasible to modify the network architectures to increase the selectivity by choosing the monomer appropriately. This review aims to give a critical overview of the recent design concepts of IPNs and their applications in desalination and water treatment and their future prospects. This article also discusses the inclusion of inorganic nanoparticles into traditional polymeric membrane networks and its advantages. In the first part, the current scenario for desalination, water pollution and conventional desalination technologies along with their challenges is discussed. Subsequently, the main strategies for the synthesis of semi-IPNs and full-IPNs, and their relevant properties in water remediation are presented based on the nature of the networks and mechanism, with an emphasis on the IPN membrane. This review article has thoroughly investigated and critically assessed published works that describe the latest study on developing IPN membranes, hydrogels and composite materials in water purification and desalination. The goal of this critical analysis is to elicit fresh perspectives regarding the application and advantages of IPNs in desalination and water treatment. This article will also provide a glimpse into future areas of research to address the challenges relating to advanced water treatment as well as its emerging sustainable approaches. The study has put forward a convincing justification and establishes the relevance of IPNs being one of the most intriguing and important areas for achieving a sustainable generation of advanced materials that could benefit mankind.

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Antiseptic Materials on the Base of Polymer Interpenetrating Networks Microgels and Benzalkonium Chloride.

Publications

Antiseptic Materials on the Base of Polymer Interpenetrating Networks Microgels and Benzalkonium Chloride.

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