Dataset Information

Randomness analysis of end-to-end delay in random forwarding networks.

ABSTRACT: Random forwarding networks play a significant role in solving security and load balancing problems. As a random quantity easily obtained by both sender and receiver, the end-to-end delay of random forwarding networks can be utilized as an effective random source for cryptography-related applications. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model of Random forwarding networks and give the calculation method of end-to-end delay distribution. In exploring the upper limit of the randomness of end-to-end delay, we find that the end-to-end delay collision of different forwarding routes is the main reason for the decrease of end-to-end delay randomness. Some of these collisions can be optimized by better network deployment, while others are caused by some interesting network topology, which is unavoidable. For further analysis, we propose an algorithm to calculate the inevitable collision in random forwarding networks skillfully by using Symbol Matrix, and we give the optimal node forwarding strategy with the maximum randomness of the end-to-end delay for a given number of middle forwarding nodes and forwarding times. Finally, we introduce a specific application of generating symmetric keys by using the randomness of the end-to-end delay.

SUBMITTER: Wang X

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9044350 | biostudies-literature | 2022

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Randomness analysis of end-to-end delay in random forwarding networks.

Wang Xiaowen X Huang Jie J Duan Zhenyu Z Xu Yao Y Yao Yifei Y

PeerJ. Computer science 20220406

Random forwarding networks play a significant role in solving security and load balancing problems. As a random quantity easily obtained by both sender and receiver, the end-to-end delay of random forwarding networks can be utilized as an effective random source for cryptography-related applications. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model of Random forwarding networks and give the calculation method of end-to-end delay distribution. In exploring the upper limit of the randomness of end-t ...[more]

PMID: 35494857

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Project description:BackgroundWhen assessing connectivity, it is crucial to rely on accurate modeling frameworks that consider species movement preferences and patterns. One important aspect is the level of randomness or unpredictability in the route selection. In this respect, traditional approaches (based on least-cost path or circuit theory) consider species movements unrealistically as totally deterministic or as totally random. A recent approach (randomized shortest path) advocates for choosing intermediate levels of randomness through a single parameter. This parameter may be optimized by validating connectivity surfaces developed from different levels of randomness against observed movement data. However, connectivity models are seldom validated, and it is still unclear how to approach this task. To address this knowledge gap, this paper aims at comparing different validation methods to infer the optimal randomness level in connectivity studies. Additionally, we aimed to disentangle the practical consequences of applying traditional connectivity approaches versus using an optimized level of movement randomness when delineating corridors.MethodsThese objectives were accomplished through the study case of the Iberian lynx, an endangered species whose maintenance and recovery depend on the current connectivity among its population nuclei. We firstly determined a conductance surface based on point selection functions accounting for the behavioral state (territorial or exploratory) of individuals. Secondly, we identified the level of randomness that better fits lynxes' movements with independent GPS locations and different validation techniques. Lastly, we delineated corridors between lynx population nuclei through a) the randomized shortest path approach and the extreme and optimal levels of randomness of each validation method, and b) the traditional connectivity approaches.ResultsAccording to all used validation methodologies, models with intermediate levels of randomness outperformed those with extreme randomness levels representing totally deterministic or random movements. We found differences in the optimal randomness level among validation methods but similar results in the delineation of corridors. Our results also revealed that models with extreme randomness levels (deterministic and random walk) of the randomized path approach provided equivalent corridor networks to those from traditional approaches. Moreover, these corridor networks calculated with traditional approaches showed notable differences in patterns from the corridor network calculated with an optimized randomness level.ConclusionsHere we presented a connectivity model with a solid biological basis that calibrates the level of movement randomness and is supported by comprehensive validation methods. It is thus a step forward in the search and evaluation of connectivity approaches that lead to improved, efficient, and successful management actions.

Dataset Information

Randomness analysis of end-to-end delay in random forwarding networks.

Publications

Randomness analysis of end-to-end delay in random forwarding networks.

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