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Metal oxide heterojunctions using a printable nickel oxide ink.

ABSTRACT: Wide band gap metal oxides are ideally suited for inorganic optoelectronic devices. While zinc oxide is a commonly used n-type material, there is still a lot of ongoing work for finding suitable p-type oxides. In this work, we describe a two-step route to formulate a stable and conducting p-type nickel oxide (NiO) nanofluid. NiO nanoparticles were synthesised using a bottom-up wet chemical approach and dispersed in ethylene glycol to form a nanofluid. The viscosity and surface tension of the nanofluid were optimised for printing. The printing was done using an extrusion-based direct writer. The NiO nanofluid was printed onto an aluminum-doped zinc oxide layer and annealed at different temperatures. Electrical characterisation of the junction was used to extract the junction barrier for carriers across the interface. The resulting heterojunction was found to exhibit rectifying behaviour, with the highest rectification ratio occurring at an annealing temperature of 250 °C. This annealing temperature also resulted in the lowest junction barrier height, and was in excellent agreement with theoretically predicted values. The development of a printed p-type ink will help in the realisation of oxide-based printed electronic devices.

SUBMITTER: Ramachandran H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9048838 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Metal oxide heterojunctions using a printable nickel oxide ink.

Ramachandran Hari H Jahanara Mohammad Mahaboob MM Nair Nitheesh M NM Swaminathan P P

RSC advances 20200123 7

Wide band gap metal oxides are ideally suited for inorganic optoelectronic devices. While zinc oxide is a commonly used n-type material, there is still a lot of ongoing work for finding suitable p-type oxides. In this work, we describe a two-step route to formulate a stable and conducting p-type nickel oxide (NiO) nanofluid. NiO nanoparticles were synthesised using a bottom-up wet chemical approach and dispersed in ethylene glycol to form a nanofluid. The viscosity and surface tension of the nan ...[more]

PMID: 35492677

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Project description:The features or actuation behaviors of nature's creatures provide concepts for the development of biomimetic soft bioactuators/robots with stimuli-responsive capabilities, design convenience, and environmental adaptivity in various fields. Mimosa pudica is a mechanically responsive plant that can convert pressure to the motion of leaves. When the leaves receive pressure, the occurrence of asymmetric turgor in the extensor and flexor sides of the pulvinus from redistributing the water in the pulvinus causes the bending of the pulvinus. Inspired by the actuation of Mimosa pudica, designing soft bioactuators can convert external stimulations to driving forces for the actuation of constructs which has been receiving increased attention and has potential applications in many fields. 4D printing technology has emerged as a new strategy for creating versatile soft bioactuators/robots by integrating printing technologies with stimuli-responsive materials. In this study, we developed a hybrid ink by combining gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) polymers with iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs). This hybrid ION-GelMA ink exhibits tunable rheology, controllable mechanical properties, magnetic-responsive behaviors, and printability by integrating the internal metal ion-polymeric chain interactions and photo-crosslinking chemistries. This design offers the inks a dual crosslink mechanism combining the advantages of photocrosslinking and ionic crosslinking to rapidly form the construct within 60 s of UV exposure time. In addition, the magnetic-responsive actuation of ION-GelMA constructs can be regulated by different ION concentrations (0-10%). Furthermore, we used the ION-GelMA inks to fabricate a Mimosa pudica-like soft bioactuator through a mold casting method and a direct-ink-writing (DIW) printing technology. Obviously, the pinnule leaf structure of printed constructs presents a continuous reversible shape transformation in an air phase without any liquid as a medium, which can mimic the motion characteristics of natural creatures. At the same time, compared to the model casting process, the DIW printed bioactuators show a more refined and biomimetic transformation shape that closely resembles the movement of the pinnule leaf of Mimosa pudica in response to stimulation. Overall, this study indicates the proof of concept and the potential prospect of magnetic-responsive ION-GelMA inks for the rapid prototyping of biomimetic soft bioactuators/robots with untethered non-contact magneto-actuations.

Project description:Printed electronics has advanced during the recent decades in applications such as organic photovoltaic cells and biosensors. However, the main limiting factors preventing the more widespread use of printing in flexible electronics manufacturing are (i) the poor attainable linewidths via conventional printing methods (≫10 μm), (ii) the limited availability of printable materials (e.g., low work function metals), and (iii) the inferior performance of many printed materials when compared to vacuum-processed materials (e.g., printed vs sputtered ITO). Here, we report a printing-based, low-temperature, low-cost, and scalable patterning method that can be used to fabricate high-resolution, high-performance patterned layers with linewidths down to ∼1 μm from various materials. The method is based on sequential steps of reverse-offset printing (ROP) of a sacrificial polymer resist, vacuum deposition, and lift-off. The sharp vertical sidewalls of the ROP resist layer allow the patterning of evaporated metals (Al) and dielectrics (SiO) as well as sputtered conductive oxides (ITO), where the list is expandable also to other vacuum-deposited materials. The resulting patterned layers have sharp sidewalls, low line-edge roughness, and uniform thickness and are free from imperfections such as edge ears occurring with other printed lift-off methods. The applicability of the method is demonstrated with highly conductive Al (∼5 × 10-8 Ωm resistivity) utilized as transparent metal mesh conductors with ∼35 Ω□ at 85% transparent area percentage and source/drain electrodes for solution-processed metal-oxide (In2O3) thin-film transistors with ∼1 cm2/(Vs) mobility. Moreover, the method is expected to be compatible with other printing methods and applicable in other flexible electronics applications, such as biosensors, resistive random access memories, touch screens, displays, photonics, and metamaterials, where the selection of current printable materials falls short.

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Metal oxide heterojunctions using a printable nickel oxide ink.

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Metal oxide heterojunctions using a printable nickel oxide ink.

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