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Preparation of a novel fracturing fluid with good heat and shear resistance.

ABSTRACT: A new terpolymer (MAS-1) was created by copolymerizing acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), and 4-isopropenylcarbamoyl-benzene sulfonic acid (AMBS). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) suggested that MAS-1 has better heat resistance and meets the requirements for a fracturing fluid at 200 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD), and conductivity tests showed that MAS-1 has good water solubility. The viscosity of the fracturing fluids containing MAS-1 was found to be about 135 mPa s after 120 min at 170 s^-1 and 150 °C. SEM images and the determination of viscoelasticity showed that MAS-1 has a dense and robust spatial network structure in the fracturing fluid. The sedimentation velocity of the proppant was 0.0528 cm min^-1 at 90 °C. When enough ammonium persulfate was added to yield approximately 0.10 wt%, the viscosity of the broken fluid was 4.5 mPa s, and the gel broken fluid was transparent without visible residue. In addition, the fracturing fluid did little damage to the reservoir. The drag reduction rate of MAS-1 was always higher than KYPAM-6A and HPAM with the shear rate ranging from 1000 s^-1 to 7000 s^-1. Therefore, this fracturing fluid could be an alternative for low permeability reservoir stimulation.

SUBMITTER: Zhang Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9059618 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Preparation of a novel fracturing fluid with good heat and shear resistance.

Zhang Yang Y Mao Jincheng J Xu Tao T Zhang Zhaoyang Z Yang Bo B Mao Jinhua J Yang Xiaojiang X

RSC advances 20190109 3

A new terpolymer (MAS-1) was created by copolymerizing acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), and 4-isopropenylcarbamoyl-benzene sulfonic acid (AMBS). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) suggested that MAS-1 has better heat resistance and meets the requirements for a fracturing fluid at 200 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD), and conductivity tests showed that MAS-1 has good water solubility. The viscosity of the fracturing fluids containing MAS-1 was found to be about 135 mPa s after 120 min at 170 s<sup>-1 ...[more]

PMID: 35518047

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Project description:Surfactant-based viscoelastic (SBVE) fluids are innovative nonpolymeric non-newtonian fluid compositions that have recently gained much attention from the oil industry. SBVE can replace traditional polymeric fracturing fluid composition by mitigating problems arising during and after hydraulic fracturing operations are performed. In this study, SBVE fluid systems which are entangled with worm-like micellar solutions of cationic surfactant: cetrimonium bromide or CTAB and counterion inorganic sodium nitrate salt are synthesized. The salt reagent concentration is optimized by comparing the rheological characteristics of different concentration fluids at 25 °C. The study aims to mitigate the primary issue concerning these SBVE fluids: significant drop in viscosity at high temperature and high shear rate (HTHS) conditions. Hence, the authors synthesized a modified viscoelastic fluid system using ZnO nanoparticle (NPs) additives with a hypothesis of getting fluids with improved rheology. The rheology of optimum fluids of both categories: with (0.6 M NaNO3 concentration fluid) and without (0.8 M NaNO3 concentration fluid) ZnO NPs additives were compared for a range of shear rates from 1 to 500 Sec-1 at different temperatures from 25 °C to 75 °C to visualize modifications in viscosity values after the addition of NPs additives. The rheology in terms of viscosity was higher for the fluid with 1% dispersed ZnO NPs additives at all temperatures for the entire range of shear rate values. Additionally, rheological correlation function models were derived for the synthesized fluids using statistical analysis methods. Subsequently, Herschel-Bulkley models were developed for optimum fluids depending on rheological correlation models. In the last section of the study, the pressure-drop estimation method is described using given group equations for laminar flow in a pipe depending on Herschel-Bulkley-model parameters have been identified for optimum fluids are consistency, flow index and yield stress values.

Project description:The development of unconventional oil and gas (UOG) resources results in the production of large volumes of wastewater containing a complex mixture of hydraulic fracturing chemical additives and components from the formation. The release of these wastewaters into the environment poses potential risks that are poorly understood. Microbial communities in stream sediments form the base of the food chain and may serve as sentinels for changes in stream health. Iron-reducing organisms have been shown to play a role in the biodegradation of a wide range of organic compounds, and so to evaluate their response to UOG wastewater, we enriched anaerobic microbial communities from sediments collected upstream (background) and downstream (impacted) of an UOG wastewater injection disposal facility in the presence of hydraulic fracturing fluid (HFF) additives: guar gum, ethylene glycol, and two biocides, 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA) and bronopol (C3H6BrNO4). Iron reduction was significantly inhibited early in the incubations with the addition of biocides, whereas amendment with guar gum and ethylene glycol stimulated iron reduction relative to levels in the unamended controls. Changes in the microbial community structure were observed across all treatments, indicating the potential for even small amounts of UOG wastewater components to influence natural microbial processes. The microbial community structure differed between enrichments with background and impacted sediments, suggesting that impacted sediments may have been preconditioned by exposure to wastewater. These experiments demonstrated the potential for biocides to significantly decrease iron reduction rates immediately following a spill and demonstrated how microbial communities previously exposed to UOG wastewater may be more resilient to additional spills.IMPORTANCE Organic components of UOG wastewater can alter microbial communities and biogeochemical processes, which could alter the rates of essential natural attenuation processes. These findings provide new insights into microbial responses following a release of UOG wastewaters and are critical for identifying strategies for the remediation and natural attenuation of impacted environments.

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Preparation of a novel fracturing fluid with good heat and shear resistance.

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Preparation of a novel fracturing fluid with good heat and shear resistance.

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