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Characteristics of nanoparticle formation and hazardous air pollutants emitted by 3D printer operations: from emission to inhalation.

ABSTRACT: This study examined the emissions of nanoparticles and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) by 3D printer operations and evaluated nanoparticle deposition behavior using a prediction model. Nanoparticles and HAPs were sampled at the Inha University 3D printing center with five fused filament fabrication (FFF)-type 3D printers. The number size distribution of the nanoparticles exhibited a bimodal distribution with dominant peaks over a large size range between 70 and 100 nm and a smaller size range between 10 and 20 nm. With increasing 3D printer operation, the number concentration of 10 nm particles increased, and the final number concentration was 3.6 times higher than that of the background concentration. Nanoparticle formation and agglomeration were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Model calculations revealed that a large number of nanoparticles between 10 and 30 nm in size are deposited in the lower human respiratory tract (generation number: 16-22). A total of 14 HAPs species were detected, among which hexane, acrylonitrile, and benzene concentrations were the highest.

SUBMITTER: Youn JS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9065366 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Characteristics of nanoparticle formation and hazardous air pollutants emitted by 3D printer operations: from emission to inhalation.

Youn Jong-Sang JS Seo Jeong-Won JW Han Sehyun S Jeon Ki-Joon KJ

RSC advances 20190624 34

This study examined the emissions of nanoparticles and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) by 3D printer operations and evaluated nanoparticle deposition behavior using a prediction model. Nanoparticles and HAPs were sampled at the Inha University 3D printing center with five fused filament fabrication (FFF)-type 3D printers. The number size distribution of the nanoparticles exhibited a bimodal distribution with dominant peaks over a large size range between 70 and 100 nm and a smaller size range be ...[more]

PMID: 35519372

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Project description:Laser printer-emitted nanoparticles (PEPs) generated from toners during printing represent one of the most common types of life cycle released particulate matter from nano-enabled products. Toxicological assessment of PEPs is therefore important for occupational and consumer health protection. Our group recently reported exposure to PEPs induces adverse cardiovascular responses including hypertension and arrythmia via monitoring left ventricular pressure and electrocardiogram in rats. This study employed genome-wide mRNA and miRNA profiling in rat lung and blood integrated with metabolomics and lipidomics profiling in rat serum to identify biomarkers for assessing PEPs-induced disease risks. Whole-body inhalation of PEPs perturbed transcriptional activities associated with cardiovascular dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and neural disorders at every observed time point in both rat lung and blood during the 21 days of exposure. Furthermore, the systematic analysis revealed PEPs-induced transcriptomic changes linking to other disease risks in rats, including diabetes, congenital defects, auto-recessive disorders, physical deformation, and carcinogenesis. The results were also confirmed with global metabolomics profiling in rat serum. Among the validated metabolites and lipids, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, docosahexanoic acid, and histidine showed significant variation in PEPs-exposed rat serum. Overall, the identified PEPs-induced dysregulated genes, molecular pathways and functions, and miRNA-mediated transcriptional activities provide important insights into the disease mechanisms. The discovered important mRNAs, miRNAs, lipids and metabolites may serve as candidate biomarkers for future occupational and medical surveillance studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study systematically integrating in vivo, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics to assess PEPs inhalation exposure-induced disease risks using a rat model.

Project description:BackgroundUsing engineered nanomaterial-based toners, laser printers generate aerosols with alarming levels of nanoparticles that bear high bioactivity and potential health risks. Yet, the cardiac impacts of printer-emitted particles (PEPs) are unknown. Inhalation of particulate matter (PM) promotes cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and ultra-fine particulates (< 0.1 μm aerodynamic diameter) may bear toxicity unique from larger particles. Toxicological studies suggest that PM impairs left ventricular (LV) performance; however, such investigations have heretofore required animal restraint, anesthesia, or ex vivo preparations that can confound physiologic endpoints and/or prohibit LV mechanical assessments during exposure. To assess the acute and chronic effects of PEPs on cardiac physiology, male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to PEPs (21 days, 5 h/day) while monitoring LV pressure (LVP) and electrocardiogram (ECG) via conscious telemetry, analyzing LVP and heart rate variability (HRV) in four-day increments from exposure days 1 to 21, as well as ECG and baroreflex sensitivity. At 2, 35, and 70 days after PEPs exposure ceased, rats received stress tests.ResultsOn day 21 of exposure, PEPs significantly (P < 0.05 vs. Air) increased LV end systolic pressure (LVESP, + 18 mmHg) and rate-pressure-product (+ 19%), and decreased HRV indicating sympathetic dominance (root means squared of successive differences [RMSSD], - 21%). Overall, PEPs decreased LV ejection time (- 9%), relaxation time (- 3%), tau (- 5%), RMSSD (- 21%), and P-wave duration (- 9%). PEPs increased QTc interval (+ 5%) and low:high frequency HRV (+ 24%; all P < 0.05 vs. Air), while tending to decrease baroreflex sensitivity and contractility index (- 15% and - 3%, P < 0.10 vs. Air). Relative to Air, at both 2 and 35 days after PEPs, ventricular arrhythmias increased, and at 70 days post-exposure LVESP increased. PEPs impaired ventricular repolarization at 2 and 35 days post-exposure, but only during stress tests. At 72 days post-exposure, PEPs increased urinary dopamine 5-fold and protein expression of ventricular repolarizing channels, Kv1.5, Kv4.2, and Kv7.1, by 50%.ConclusionsOur findings suggest exposure to PEPs increases cardiovascular risk by augmenting sympathetic influence, impairing ventricular performance and repolarization, and inducing hypertension and arrhythmia. PEPs may present significant health risks through adverse cardiovascular effects, especially in occupational settings, among susceptible individuals, and with long-term exposure.

Project description:BackgroundHazardous air pollutants, or air toxics, are pollutants known to cause cancer or other serious health effects. Nationwide cancer risk from these pollutants is estimated by the U.S. EPA National Air Toxics Assessment. However, these model estimates are limited to the totality of the emissions inventory used as inputs, and further, they cannot be used to examine spatial and temporal trends in cancer risk from hazardous air pollutants.ObjectivesTo complement model estimates of nationwide cancer risk, we examined trends in cancer risk using monitoring data from 2013 to 2017 across the 27 U.S. National Air Toxics Trends Stations.MethodsFor each monitoring site, we estimated cancer risk by multiplying the annual concentration for each monitored pollutant by its corresponding unit risk estimate. We examined the 5-y average (2013-2017) cancer risk across sites and the population levels and demographics within 1-mi of the monitors, as well as changes in estimated cancer risk over time. Finally, we examined changes in individual pollutant concentrations and their patterns of covariance.ResultsWe found that the total estimated cancer risk is higher for urban vs. rural sites, with the risk at seven urban sites (of 21) above 75 in 1 million. Furthermore, while most pollutant concentrations have not changed over the time period explored, we found 38 site-pollutant combinations that significantly declined and 12 that significantly increased between 2013 and 2017. We also identified a positive correlation between estimated cancer risk and percent of the population within 1-mi of a monitor that is low income.DiscussionLong-term trends show that annual mean concentrations of most measured air toxics have declined. Our evaluation of a more recent snapshot in time finds that most pollutant concentrations have not changed from 2013 to 2017. This analysis of cancer risk based on monitored values provides an important complement to modeled nationwide cancer risk estimates and can further inform future approaches to mitigate risk from exposure to hazardous air pollutants. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8044.

Dataset Information

Characteristics of nanoparticle formation and hazardous air pollutants emitted by 3D printer operations: from emission to inhalation.

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Characteristics of nanoparticle formation and hazardous air pollutants emitted by 3D printer operations: from emission to inhalation.

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