Sex differences in the aging murine urinary bladder and influence on the tumor immune microenvironment of a carcinogen-induced model of bladder cancer.

ABSTRACT: Sex and age associated differences in the tumor immune microenvironment of non-muscle invasive bladder (NMIBC) cancer and associated clinical outcomes are emerging indicators of treatment outcomes. The incidence of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is four times higher in males than females; however, females tend to present with a more aggressive disease, a poorer response to immunotherapy and suffer worse clinical outcomes. Recent findings have demonstrated sex differences in the tumor immune microenvironment of non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder cancer and associated clinical outcomes. However, a significant gap in knowledge remains with respect to the current pre-clinical modeling approaches to more precisely recapitulate these differences towards improved therapeutic des

SUBMITTER: Hamade A 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9066862 | biostudies-literature | 2022 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature