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Structural polymorphism of coiled-coils from the stalk domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

ABSTRACT: Spike trimer plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine development. It consists of a globular head and a flexible stalk domain that anchors the protein into the viral membrane. While the head domain has been extensively studied, the properties of the adjoining stalk are poorly understood. Here, we characterize the coiled-coil formation and thermodynamic stability of the stalk domain and its segments. We find that the N-terminal segment of the stalk does not form coiled-coils and remains disordered in solution. The C-terminal stalk segment forms a trimeric coiled-coil in solution, which becomes significantly stabilized in the context of the full-length stalk. Its crystal structure reveals a novel antiparallel tetramer coiled-coil with an unusual combination of a-d and e-a-d hydrophobic core packing. Structural analysis shows that a subset of hydrophobic residues stabilizes different coiled-coil structures: trimer, tetramer, and heterohexamer, underscoring a highly polymorphic nature of the SARS-CoV-2 stalk sequence.

SUBMITTER: Zivic Z

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9111298 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Structural polymorphism of coiled-coils from the stalk domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

Živič Zala Z Strmšek Žiga Ž Novinec Marko M Lah Jurij J Hadži San S

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 20220301 3

Spike trimer plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine development. It consists of a globular head and a flexible stalk domain that anchors the protein into the viral membrane. While the head domain has been extensively studied, the properties of the adjoining stalk are poorly understood. Here, we characterize the coiled-coil formation and thermodynamic stability of the stalk domain and its segments. We find that the N-terminal segment of the stalk does not form coiled-coils and remai ...[more]

PMID: 35157347

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Project description:The emerging new lineages of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have marked a new phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Understanding the recognition mechanisms of potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NAbs) against the spike protein is pivotal for developing new vaccines and antibody drugs. Here, we isolated several monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) from the B cell receptor repertoires of a SARS-CoV-2 convalescent. Among these MAbs, the antibody nCoV617 demonstrates the most potent neutralizing activity against authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies against the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transgenic mouse model in vivo. The crystal structure of S-RBD in complex with nCoV617 reveals that nCoV617 mainly binds to the back of the "ridge" of RBD and shares limited binding residues with ACE2. Under the background of the S-trimer model, it potentially binds to both "up" and "down" conformations of S-RBD. In vitro mutagenesis assays show that mutant residues found in the emerging new lineage B.1.1.7 of SARS-CoV-2 do not affect nCoV617 binding to the S-RBD. These results provide a new human-sourced neutralizing antibody against the S-RBD and assist vaccine development. IMPORTANCE COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a serious threat to global health and the economy, so it is necessary to find safe and effective antibody drugs and treatments. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is responsible for binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. It contains a variety of dominant neutralizing epitopes and is an important antigen for the development of new coronavirus antibodies. The significance of our research lies in the determination of new epitopes, the discovery of antibodies against RBD, and the evaluation of the antibodies' neutralizing effect. The identified antibodies here may be drug candidates for the development of clinical interventions for SARS-CoV-2.

Project description:MotivationThe recent emergence of the novel SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its international spread pose a global health emergency. The spike (S) glycoprotein binds ACE2 and promotes SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells. The trimeric S protein binds the receptor using the receptor-binding domain (RBD) causing conformational changes in S protein that allow priming by host cell proteases. Unraveling the dynamic structural features used by SARS-CoV-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission and reveal novel therapeutic targets. Using structures determined by X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM, we performed structural analysis and atomic comparisons of the different conformational states adopted by the SARS-CoV-2-RBD.ResultsHere, we determined the key structural components induced by the receptor and characterized their intramolecular interactions. We show that κ-helix (polyproline-II) is a predominant structure in the binding interface and in facilitating the conversion to the active form of the S protein. We demonstrate a series of conversions between switch-like κ-helix and β-strand, and conformational variations in a set of short α-helices which affect the hinge region. These conformational changes lead to an alternating pattern in conserved disulfide bond configurations positioned at the hinge, indicating a possible disulfide exchange, an important allosteric switch implicated in viral entry of various viruses, including HIV and murine coronavirus. The structural information presented herein enables to inspect and understand the important dynamic features of SARS-CoV-2-RBD and propose a novel potential therapeutic strategy to block viral entry. Overall, this study provides guidance for the design and optimization of structure-based intervention strategies that target SARS-CoV-2.Availability and implementationWe have implemented the proposed methods in an R package freely available at https://github.com/Grantlab/bio3d.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Dataset Information

Structural polymorphism of coiled-coils from the stalk domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

Publications

Structural polymorphism of coiled-coils from the stalk domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

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