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Chronotype at the beginning of secondary school and school timing are both associated with chronotype development during adolescence.

ABSTRACT: The misalignment between late chronotypes and early school start times affect health, performance and psychological well-being of adolescents. Here we test whether, and how, the baseline chronotype (i.e. chronotype at the beginning of secondary school) and the school timing affect the magnitude and the direction of the developmental change in chronotype during adolescence. We evaluated a sample of Argentinian students (n = 259) who were randomly assigned to attend school in the morning (07:45 a.m.-12:05 p.m.), afternoon (12:40 p.m.-05:00 p.m.) or evening (05:20 p.m.-09:40 p.m.) school timings. Importantly, chronotype and sleep habits were assessed longitudinally in the same group of students along secondary school (at 13-14 y.o. and 17-18 y.o.). Our results show that: (1) although chronotypes partially align with class time, this effect is insufficient to fully account for the differences observed in sleep-related variables between school timings; (2) both school timing and baseline chronotype are independently associated with the direction and the magnitude of change in chronotype, with greater delays related to earlier baseline chronotypes and later school timings. The practical implications of these results are challenging and should be considered in the design of future educational timing policies to improve adolescents' well-being.

SUBMITTER: Rodriguez Ferrante G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9114414 | biostudies-literature | 2022 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Chronotype at the beginning of secondary school and school timing are both associated with chronotype development during adolescence.

Rodríguez Ferrante Guadalupe G Goldin Andrea Paula AP Sigman Mariano M Leone María Juliana MJ

Scientific reports 20220517 1

The misalignment between late chronotypes and early school start times affect health, performance and psychological well-being of adolescents. Here we test whether, and how, the baseline chronotype (i.e. chronotype at the beginning of secondary school) and the school timing affect the magnitude and the direction of the developmental change in chronotype during adolescence. We evaluated a sample of Argentinian students (n = 259) who were randomly assigned to attend school in the morning (07:45 a. ...[more]

PMID: 35581310

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Project description:BackgroundStudies on the link between chronotype (i.e., propensity for morning or evening preference) and dietary intake have relied on self-reported data, estimating consumption, and chronotype from questionnaires.ObjectivesThis study examined the associations between genetically proxied evening chronotype, objectively estimated workplace dietary choices, and the effectiveness of a behavioral intervention in hospital employees enrolled in the ChooseWell 365 study.MethodsChooseWell 365 was a randomized trial of a 12-mo automated, personalized intervention to prevent weight gain and improve diet. Cafeteria sales data were used to measure the timing and healthfulness of workplace food purchases of employees during the 12-mo-long baseline, intervention, and postintervention follow-up periods. A genome-wide polygenic score for evening chronotype was calculated for all participants and the population was divided into quartiles; the highest quartile indicated the most evening chronotype. Associations between polygenic score quartiles and workplace purchases at baseline, 12 mo, and 24 mo and changes from baseline at 12 and 24 mo were tested using adjusted multivariable linear regression models.ResultsAt baseline, the highest chronotype quartile was associated with self-reported breakfast skipping. Over the 24-mo study, the highest quartile was associated with later timing of the first workplace purchase, but not with the healthfulness of purchases. There were no differences by the chronotype quartile in the effectiveness of the ChooseWell 365 intervention in improving employees' healthy food choices at work.ConclusionsA chronotype polygenic score was associated with breakfast skipping and later workplace mealtimes of hospital employees, but not with the nutritional quality of objectively measured workplace food purchases. In addition, employees across the chronotype spectrum benefited from the workplace healthy eating intervention.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02660086 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02660086?cond=NCT02660086&draw=2&rank=1).

Project description:ImportanceInadequate sleep duration and quality increase the risk of obesity. Sleep timing, while less studied, is important in adolescents because increasing evening preferences (chronotypes), early school start times, and irregular sleep schedules may cause circadian misalignment.ObjectiveTo investigate associations of chronotype and social jet lag with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk in young adolescents.Design, setting, and participantsStarting in 1999, Project Viva recruited pregnant women from eastern Massachusetts. Mother-child in-person visits occurred throughout childhood. From January 23, 2012, to October 16, 2016, 804 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years completed 5 days or more of wrist actigraphy, questionnaires, and anthropometric measurements. A cross-sectional analysis using these data was conducted from April 31, 2018, to May 1, 2019.ExposuresChronotype, measured via a continuous scale with higher scores indicating greater evening preferences, and social jet lag, measured as the continuous difference in actigraphy sleep midpoint in hours from midnight on weekends vs weekdays, with higher values representing more delayed sleep timing on weekends.Main outcomes and measuresAdiposity, measured via anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. For a subset of 479 adolescents with blood samples, cardiometabolic risk scores were computed as the mean of 5 sex- and cohort-specific z scores for waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, inversely scaled high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and log-transformed triglycerides and homeostatic model of insulin resistance.ResultsAmong the 804 adolescents in the study, 418 were girls and 386 were boys, with a mean (SD) age of 13.2 (0.9) years. In multivariable models adjusted for age, puberty, season, and sociodemographics, associations of chronotype and social jet lag with adiposity varied by sex. For girls, greater evening preference was associated with a 0.58-cm (95% CI, 0.12-1.03 cm; P = .04 for interaction) higher waist circumference and 0.16 kg/m2 (95% CI, 0.01-0.31 kg/m2; P = .03 for interaction) higher fat mass index as measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; each hour of social jet lag was associated with a 1.19-cm (95% CI, 0.04-2.35 cm; P = .21 for interaction) higher waist circumference and 0.45 kg/m2 (95% CI, 0.09-0.82 kg/m2; P = .01 for interaction) higher fat mass index as measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Associations of social jet lag and evening chronotypes persisted for many measures of adiposity after adjustment for sleep duration and other lifestyle behaviors. By contrast, no associations were observed in boys. There were no associations with the cardiometabolic risk score for either sex, although statistical power was low for this outcome.Conclusions and relevanceEvening chronotypes and social jet lag were associated with greater adiposity in adolescent girls but not adolescent boys. Interventions aimed at improving sleep schedules may be useful for obesity prevention, especially in girls.

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Chronotype at the beginning of secondary school and school timing are both associated with chronotype development during adolescence.

Publications

Chronotype at the beginning of secondary school and school timing are both associated with chronotype development during adolescence.

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