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Development of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-containing thioglycolic acid immobilized chitosan mucoadhesive gel as an alternative hormone therapy for menopausal syndrome.

ABSTRACT: Menopausal syndrome includes the symptoms that most women experience owing to hormone changes after menopause. Although hormone replacement therapy is a common treatment for menopausal syndrome, there are still many side effects and challenges hindering research. In this study, thioglycolic acid (TGA)-immobilized chitosan mucoadhesive gel was synthesized by a new method of low concentration of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) would encapsulate di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as an alternative hormone replacement therapy for menopausal syndrome. The efficacies of the DEHP-containing TGA-chitosan gel (CT-D) were confirmed and evaluated by materials characterization and in vitro study. Results showed that CT-D was not cytotoxic and had better mucoadhesive ability than chitosan. The animal model was constructed 1 month after bilateral ovariectomy in SD rats. CT-D was administered intravaginally every 3 days. Bodyweight, wet weight of the uterus and vagina, vaginal smears, histology, blood element analysis, and serological analysis was used to assess the ability of the material to relieve menopausal syndrome. The results indicated that the combination of the sustained release of DEHP and mucoadhesive TGA-immobilized chitosan allows the developed CT-D to relieve the menopausal syndrome through low concentrations of DEHP, which falls in the safety level of the tolerable daily intake of DEHP.

SUBMITTER: Yang IH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9115706 | biostudies-literature | 2022 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Development of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-containing thioglycolic acid immobilized chitosan mucoadhesive gel as an alternative hormone therapy for menopausal syndrome.

Yang I-Hsuan IH Lin I-En IE Liang Ya-Jyun YJ Lin Jhih-Ni JN Chen Tzu-Chien TC Chen Zhi-Yu ZY Kuan Che-Yung CY Chi Chih-Ying CY Li Chi-Han CH Wu Hung-Ming HM Lin Feng-Huei FH

Bioengineering & translational medicine 20211204 2

Menopausal syndrome includes the symptoms that most women experience owing to hormone changes after menopause. Although hormone replacement therapy is a common treatment for menopausal syndrome, there are still many side effects and challenges hindering research. In this study, thioglycolic acid (TGA)-immobilized chitosan mucoadhesive gel was synthesized by a new method of low concentration of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) would encapsulate di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as an altern ...[more]

PMID: 35600649

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Project description:Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory tract. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer and belongs to environmental endocrine disruptors (EDCs). It can be entered the human body which is harmful to health. The relationship between DEHP and AR is still inconclusive. This study aims to investigate the effect of environmental pollutants DEHP on AR. By examining DEHP metabolites in the urine of AR patients and building an AR model. 24 BALB/c mice were used as the study subjects, and ovalbumin (OVA) and DEHP (3 mg/kg/body) were used for intragastric administration. They were divided into control group, DEHP group, OVA group and OVA + DEHP group. Examination, behavioral scoring, inflammatory factor testing, oxidative stress testing, detection of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and signaling pathways CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 related proteins and mRNA. The concentrations of 3 metabolites of DEHP (MEHHP, MEOHP, and MEHP) in urine of AR patients were higher. And HE-staining showed that for the control group, many chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and nasal mucosal destruction were observed in the OVA + DEHP group and were more severe than the OVA group. Allergic symptom scores were obtained from sneezing, scratching, number of scratching, and nose flow. The scores of the OVA group and the OVA + DEHP group were higher than 7 points. Serum ELISA and nasal mucosal oxidative stress tests are more serious in the OVA + DEHP group. The expression of AhR protein and its mRNA was increased in the DEHP group, OVA group and OVA + DEHP group. The OVA + DEHP group was more significant in the OVA group and DEHP group. And the mRNAs of the AhR-related signaling pathways CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 were also more prominent in the OVA + DEHP group. DEHP may aggravate its inflammatory response through the AhR pathway closely related to the environment. When combined with OVA, DEHP can further aggravate the OVA-induced nasal inflammatory response and make the nasal cavity have undergone severe changes, and many inflammatory cells have infiltrated. DEHP has shown an adjuvant effect, and the AhR-related signaling pathways CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 may be critical.

Dataset Information

Development of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-containing thioglycolic acid immobilized chitosan mucoadhesive gel as an alternative hormone therapy for menopausal syndrome.

Publications

Development of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-containing thioglycolic acid immobilized chitosan mucoadhesive gel as an alternative hormone therapy for menopausal syndrome.

Similar Datasets

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