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Extensive polyploid clonality was a successful strategy for seagrass to expand into a newly submerged environment.

ABSTRACT: Polyploidy has the potential to allow organisms to outcompete their diploid progenitor(s) and occupy new environments. Shark Bay, Western Australia, is a World Heritage Area dominated by temperate seagrass meadows including Poseidon's ribbon weed, Posidonia australis. This seagrass is at the northern extent of its natural geographic range and experiences extremes in temperature and salinity. Our genomic and cytogenetic assessments of 10 meadows identified geographically restricted, diploid clones (2n = 20) in a single location, and a single widespread, high-heterozygosity, polyploid clone (2n = 40) in all other locations. The polyploid clone spanned at least 180 km, making it the largest known example of a clone in any environment on earth. Whole-genome duplication through polyploidy, combined with clonality, may have provided the mechanism for P. australis to expand into new habitats and adapt to new environments that became increasingly stressful for its diploid progenitor(s). The new polyploid clone probably formed in shallow waters after the inundation of Shark Bay less than 8500 years ago and subsequently expanded via vegetative growth into newly submerged habitats.

SUBMITTER: Edgeloe JM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9156900 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Extensive polyploid clonality was a successful strategy for seagrass to expand into a newly submerged environment.

Edgeloe Jane M JM Severn-Ellis Anita A AA Bayer Philipp E PE Mehravi Shaghayegh S Breed Martin F MF Krauss Siegfried L SL Batley Jacqueline J Kendrick Gary A GA Sinclair Elizabeth A EA

Proceedings. Biological sciences 20220601 1976

Polyploidy has the potential to allow organisms to outcompete their diploid progenitor(s) and occupy new environments. Shark Bay, Western Australia, is a World Heritage Area dominated by temperate seagrass meadows including Poseidon's ribbon weed, <i>Posidonia australis</i>. This seagrass is at the northern extent of its natural geographic range and experiences extremes in temperature and salinity. Our genomic and cytogenetic assessments of 10 meadows identified geographically restricted, diploi ...[more]

PMID: 35642363

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Project description:Many ecosystems are experiencing rapid transformations due to global environmental change. Understanding how ecological shifts affect species persistence is critical to modern management strategies. The edge of a species range is often where physiological tolerances are in conflict with ability to persist. Extreme examples of clonality over large spatial and temporal scales can occur where the life history of a species allows for it. We examine extreme clonality in an aquatic plant species at the edge if its range. Here we describe an ancient seagrass clone of unprecedented size inhabiting a 47 km stretch of a central Florida estuary, the Indian River Lagoon (IRL). Amongst the largest clones on earth detected, this Thalassia testudinum (turtlegrass) genet had ramets dispersed across 47 km of this water body. Indeed among 382 samples collections along the length of the IRL, 89% were a single shared multilocus genotype. Furthermore, this clone was the only genet detected at 63% of sample sites. The presence of such a large clone demonstrates they can form and persist over long periods. In addition, we must challenge the paradigm that fragmentation is not possible in this species. Reliance on clonality is an expected component of a classic 'bet-hedging' strategy enabling persistence on timescales typically not considered, including millennia. At locations near ocean inlets we did find a few other individuals of T. testudinum supporting the concept that recruitment is dispersal limited. These additional clones indicate there is the potential, albeit limited, for seeds based recruitment to occur when environmental conditions are favorable during a "window of opportunity." Extreme clonality represents a potential strategy for survival such that in the extreme, clonal populations of a species would be the first to decline or disappear if conditions extend beyond the adaptability of the local genotype. This disappearance possibility makes the species a potential sentinel of system decline.

Project description:Tumor cell lines with elevated chromosome numbers frequently have correlated elevations of Mps1 expression and these tumors are more dependent on Mps1 activity for their survival than control cell lines. Mps1 is a conserved kinase involved in controlling aspects of chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis. The mechanistic explanation for the Mps1-addiction of aneuploid cells is unknown. To address this question, we explored Mps1-dependence in yeast cells with increased sets of chromosomes. These experiments revealed that in yeast, increasing ploidy leads to delays and failures in orienting chromosomes on the mitotic spindle. Yeast cells with elevated numbers of chromosomes proved vulnerable to reductions of Mps1 activity. Cells with reduced Mps1 activity exhibit an extended prometaphase with longer spindles and delays in orienting the chromosomes. One known role of Mps1 is in recruiting Bub1 to the kinetochore in meiosis. We found that the Mps1-addiction of polyploid yeast cells is due in part to its role in Bub1 recruitment. Together, the experiments presented here demonstrate that increased ploidy renders cells more dependent on Mps1 for orienting chromosomes on the spindle. The phenomenon described here may be relevant in understanding why hyper-diploid cancer cells exhibit elevated reliance on Mps1 expression for successful chromosome segregation.Author summaryLosing or gaining chromosomes during cell division leads to aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes) and can contribute to cancer and other diseases. Indeed, most cells in solid tumors carry abnormally elevated numbers of chromosomes. Mps1 is a regulator of the machinery that distributes chromosomes to daughter cells. In tumors with elevated chromosome numbers the expression of Mps1 is often also elevated. In some aneuploid tumor cell lines these elevated Mps1 levels have been shown to be critical for survival tumor survival. To determine how cells with higher ploidy become dependent on Mps1, we explored Mps1-dependence in yeast cells with increased numbers of chromosomes. We report that yeast cells with elevated chromosome number are sensitive to reductions Mps1 expression. In cells with high ploidy and reduced levels of Mps1, the progression of the cell cycle is delayed and the ability of the cells to properly orient and segregate their chromosomes on the spindle is greatly reduced.

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Extensive polyploid clonality was a successful strategy for seagrass to expand into a newly submerged environment.

Publications

Extensive polyploid clonality was a successful strategy for seagrass to expand into a newly submerged environment.

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