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Effect of Enrichment Items on the Physiology and Behavior of Sows in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy.

ABSTRACT: Modern intensive pig breeding harms animal welfare, which is especially noticeable for pregnant sows kept in confinement stalls. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of enrichment items on the movement and physiological parameters of sows in the third trimester of pregnancy. A total of 30 large white pregnant sows were randomly divided into three equal treatment groups (n = 10): control, pine wood, and scented wood groups. Interestingly, compared with the control group, the sows in the pine wood or scented wood groups showed less ventral lying and more lateral lying behavior (p < 0.01), coupled with significant reduction in the frequency of scratching and sham-chewing (p < 0.01), but with no significant difference in the degree of preference for these enrichment items (p > 0.05). Additionally, the sows in the pine wood or scented wood groups also decreased significantly in the concentration of immunoglobulin A (IgA) (p < 0.01) and the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (p < 0.05) throughout the late pregnancy period. Overall, adding enrichment items to confinement stalls can alleviate the chronic stress and the stereotypic behavior of sows, suggesting their potential to reduce welfare compromise.

SUBMITTER: Li S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9179893 | biostudies-literature | 2022 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effect of Enrichment Items on the Physiology and Behavior of Sows in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy.

Li Shuangshuang S Hu Hongqing H Huang Jian J Yang Yuxuan Y Xu Weijing W Chen Junfeng J Wan Jiawei J Li Lianghua L Zheng Rong R Jiang Siwen S Chai Jin J

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI 20220526 11

Modern intensive pig breeding harms animal welfare, which is especially noticeable for pregnant sows kept in confinement stalls. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of enrichment items on the movement and physiological parameters of sows in the third trimester of pregnancy. A total of 30 large white pregnant sows were randomly divided into three equal treatment groups (n = 10): control, pine wood, and scented wood groups. Interestingly, compared with the control group, the sows in the pine ...[more]

PMID: 35681820

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Project description:BackgroundThe impact of pregnancy on efavirenz (EFV) pharmacokinetics is unknown.MethodsInternational Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials P1026s is an on-going, prospective, nonblinded study of antiretroviral pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected pregnant women that included a cohort receiving 600 mg EFV once daily as part of combination antiretroviral therapy. Intensive steady-state 24-hour blood sampling was performed during the third trimester and at 6-12 weeks postpartum. Maternal and umbilical cord blood samples were drawn at delivery. Pharmacokinetics targets were the estimated 10th percentile EFV area under the curve (AUC) in nonpregnant historical controls (40.0 mcg·hr(-1)·mL(-1)) and a trough concentration of 1 mcg/mL.ResultsTwenty-five women were enrolled during the third trimester: median (range) age was 29.3 (18.9-42.9) years, weight 69.0 (40-130) kg, and gestational age 32.9 (30.1-38.7) weeks. Median (range) EFV AUC(0-24), C(max), and C(24 hours) were 55.4 mcg·hr(-1)·mL(-1) (13.5-220.3), 5.4 mcg/mL (1.9-12.2), and 1.6 mcg/mL (0.23-8.13), respectively. EFV AUC and C(max) did not differ during pregnancy and postpartum but C(24 hours) was lower during the third trimester (1.6 vs. 2.1 mcg/mL, P = 0.01). During the third trimester, 5 of 25 (20%) women had an EFV AUC below the target and 3 of 25 (12%) had a trough concentration below 1 mcg/mL. EFV cord blood/maternal concentration ratio was 0.49 (0.37-0.74). All women had a HIV-1 RNA viral load less than 400 copies per milliliter at delivery and 19 (76%) had a viral load below 50 copies per milliliter. One child was perinatally HIV infected. Three women were exposed to EFV throughout the first 6 weeks of pregnancy. EFV was well tolerated, and among the 25 infants, no congenital anomalies or newborn complications were reported.ConclusionsChanges in EFV pharmacokinetics during pregnancy compared with postpartum are not sufficiently large enough to warrant a dose adjustment during pregnancy.

Project description:IntroductionPain during pregnancy affects women's well-being, causes worry and is a risk factor for the child and the mother during labor. The aim was to investigate the relative importance of an extensive set of pregnancy-related physiological symptoms and psychosocial factors assessed in the first trimester compared with the occurrence of pregnancy-related pain symptoms later in the pregnancy.Material and methodsIncluded were all women who booked an appointment for a first prenatal visit in one of 125 randomly selected general practitioner practices in Eastern Denmark from April 2015 to August 2016. These women answered an electronic questionnaire containing questions on the occurrence of five pregnancy-related pain symptoms: back pain, leg cramps, pelvic cavity pain, pelvic girdle pain and uterine contractions. The questionnaire also included sociodemographic questions and questions on chronic diseases, physical symptoms, mental health symptoms, lifestyle and reproductive background. The questionnaire was repeated in each trimester. The relative importance of this set of factors from the first trimester on the five pregnancy-related pain symptoms compared with the second and third trimesters was assessed in a dominance analysis.ResultsA total of 1491 women were included. The most important factor for pregnancy-related pain in the second trimester and third trimester is the presence of the corresponding pain in the first trimester. Parity was associated with pelvic cavity pain and uterine contractions in the following pregnancies. For back pain and pelvic cavity pain, the odds increased as the women's estimated low self-assessed fitness decreased and had low WHO-5 wellbeing scores.ConclusionsWhen including physical risk factors, sociodemographic factors, psychological factors and clinical risk factors, women's experiences of pregnancy-related pain in the first trimester are the most important predictors for pain later in pregnancy. Beyond the expected positive effects of pregnancy-related pain, notably self-assessed fitness, age and parity were predictive for pain later in pregnancy.

Project description:This study aims to investigate the efficacy of insulin in treating severe hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) during the third trimester of pregnancy. Women with severe HTG (TG ≥ 11.30 mmol/L) in the third trimester of pregnancy who received clinical examination and delivered in Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital from 01 January 2017 to 30 September 2021 were recruited. Patients with TG ≥ 11.30 mmol/L at 30-32 weeks of gestation were treated with a low-fat diet and insulin as the insulin treatment group. For the control group, patients with TGs of 5.65-11.30 mmol/L at 30-32 weeks of gestation who developed severe HTG (TG ≥ 11.30 mmol/L) before delivery were treated with a low-fat diet only. General maternal information, delivery, perinatal treatment and laboratory examination information were collected from electronic medical records and compared. We found that in the insulin treatment group, there were higher values of progestational body mass index (BMI) (Z = -2.281, P = 0.023), higher incidence of diabetes (χ2 = 20.618, P < 0.001) and higher incidence of fatty liver (χ2 = 4.333, P = 0.037) than in the control group but also a higher pregnancy weight gain compliance rate (χ2 = 4.061, P = 0.044). Laboratory examination before delivery revealed that compared with the control group, insulin treatment significantly decreased prenatal TG (Z = -10.392, P < 0.001), cholesterol (Z = -8.494, P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein (Z = -3.918, P < 0.001), apolipoprotein A1 (t = 2.410, P = 0.019), cystatin (Z = -4.195, P < 0.001), incidence of hypocalcaemia (P = 0.036), and absolute number of lymphocytes (Z = -3.426, P = 0.001). Delivery outcomes were also improved in the insulin treatment group compared with the control group, including lower neonatal weight (Z = -2.200, P = 0.028), incidence of macrosomia (χ2 = 4.092, P = 0.043), gestational age (Z = -3.427, P = 0.001), and rate of intensive care unit (ICU) conversion (P = 0.014). In conclusion, insulin therapy for HTG in the third trimester of pregnancy could increase the pregnancy weight gain compliance rate, decrease blood lipid levels and the incidence of severe complications such as HTG acute pancreatitis (HTG-AP), and improve pregnancy outcomes.

Dataset Information

Effect of Enrichment Items on the Physiology and Behavior of Sows in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy.

Publications

Effect of Enrichment Items on the Physiology and Behavior of Sows in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy.

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