Macrophage polarization in hypoxia and ischemia/reperfusion: Insights into the role of energetic metabolism.

ABSTRACT: Macrophages, the key cells of innate immunity, possess wide phenotypical and functional heterogeneity. In vitro studies showed that microenvironment signals could induce the so-called polarization of macrophages into two phenotypes: classically activated macrophages (M1) or alternatively activated macrophages (M2). Functionally, they are considered as proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory/pro-regenerative, respectively. However, in vivo studies into macrophage states revealed a continuum of phenotypes from M1 to M2 state instead of the clearly distinguished extreme phenotypes. An important role in determining the type of polarization of macrophages is played by energy metabolism, including the activity of oxidative phosphorylation. In this regard, hypoxia and ischemia that af

SUBMITTER: Yakupova EI 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9189569 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature