Discovery of 1H-Pyrazole Biaryl Sulfonamides as Novel G2019S-LRRK2 Kinase Inhibitors.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Lesniak RK
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9190033 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jun
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Discovery of 1<i>H-</i>Pyrazole Biaryl Sulfonamides as Novel G2019S-LRRK2 Kinase Inhibitors.
Leśniak Robert K RK Nichols R Jeremy RJ Schonemann Marcus M Zhao Jing J Gajera Chandresh R CR Lam Grace G Nguyen Khanh C KC Langston J William JW Smith Mark M Montine Thomas J TJ
ACS medicinal chemistry letters 20220523 6
G2019S (GS) is the most prevalent mutation in the leucine rich repeat protein kinase 2 gene (<i>LRRK2</i>), a genetic predisposition that is common for Parkinson's disease, as well as for some forms of cancer, and is a shared risk allele for Crohn's disease. GS-LRRK2 has a hyperactive kinase, and although numerous drug discovery programs have targeted LRRK2 kinase, few have reached clinical development. We report the discovery and preliminary development of an entirely novel structural class of ...[more]
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Project description:Pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 cause Parkinson's disease (PD). The G2019S variant is the most common, which results in abnormally high kinase activity. Compounds that target LRRK2 kinase activity are currently being developed and tested in clinical trials. We recently found that G2019S LRRK2 causes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and treatment with multiple classes of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors at concentrations associated with dephosphorylation of LRRK2 reversed mtDNA damage to healthy control levels. Because maintaining the normal function of LRRK2 in heterozygous G2019S LRRK2 carriers while specifically targeting the G2019S LRRK2 activity could have an advantageous safety profile, we explored the efficacy of a G2019S mutant selective LRRK2 inhibitor to reverse mtDNA damage in G2019S LRRK2 models and patient cells relative to non-selective LRRK2 inhibitors. Potency of LRRK2 kinase inhibition by EB-42168, a G2019S mutant LRRK2 kinase inhibitor, and MLi-2, a non-selective inhibitor, was determined by measuring phosphorylation of LRRK2 at Ser935 and/or Ser1292 using quantitative western immunoblot analysis. The Mito DNADX assay, which allows for the accurate real-time quantification of mtDNA damage in a 96-well platform, was performed in parallel. We confirmed that EB-42168 selectively inhibits LRRK2 phosphorylation on G2019S LRRK2 relative to wild-type LRRK2. On the other hand, MLi-2 was equipotent for wild-type and G2019S LRRK2. Acute treatment with EB-42168 inhibited LRRK2 phosphorylation and also restored mtDNA damage to healthy control levels. We further investigated the relationship between LRRK2 kinase activity, mtDNA damage and mitophagy. Levels of mtDNA damage caused by G2019S LRRK2 were fully re-established within 2 h of a LRRK2 inhibitor wash out and recovery experiment, indicating the mtDNA damage phenotype is highly dynamic. G2019S LRRK2 mitophagy defects were not alleviated with LRRK2 kinase inhibition, suggesting that mitophagy is not mechanistically regulating LRRK2 kinase-mediated reversal of mtDNA damage in this acute timeframe. Abrogation of mtDNA damage with the mutant selective tool inhibitor EB-42168 demonstrates the potential of a precision medicine approach for LRRK2 G2019S PD. Levels of mtDNA damage may serve as a potential pharmacodynamic biomarker of altered kinase activity that could be useful for small molecule development and clinical trials.
| S-EPMC10907374 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A number of well-known type II inhibitors (ATP-noncompetitive) that bind kinases in their DFG-out conformation were tested against wild-type LRRK2 and the most common Parkinson's disease-linked mutation, G2019S. We found that traditional type II inhibitors exhibit surprising variability in their inhibition mechanism between the wild type (WT) and the G2019S mutant of LRRK2. The type II kinase inhibitors were found to work in an ATP-competitive fashion against the G2019S mutant, whereas they appear to follow the expected noncompetitive mechanism against WT. Because the G2019S mutation lies in the DXG motif (DYG in LRRK2 but DFG in most other kinases) of the activation loop, we explored the structural consequence of the mutation on loop dynamics using an enhanced sampling method called metadynamics. The simulations suggest that the G2019S mutation stabilizes the DYG-in state of LRRK2 through a series of hydrogen bonds, leading to an increase in the conformational barrier between the active and inactive forms of the enzyme and a relative stabilization of the active form. The conformational bias toward the active form of LRRK2 mutants has two primary consequences. (1) The mutant enzyme becomes hyperactive, a known contributor to the Parkinsonian phenotype, as a consequence of being "locked" into the activated state, and (2) the mutation creates an unusual allosteric pocket that can bind type II inhibitors but in an ATP-competitive fashion. Our results suggest that developing type II inhibitors, which are generally considered superior to type I inhibitors because of desirable selectivity profiles, might be especially challenging for the G2019S LRRK2 mutant.
| S-EPMC3966205 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The G2019S mutation in LRRK2 is one of the most common known genetic causes of neurodegeneration and Parkinson disease (PD). LRRK2 mutations are thought to enhance LRRK2 kinase activity. Efficacious small molecule LRRK2 kinase inhibitors with favorable drug properties have recently been developed for pre-clinical studies in rodent models, and inhibitors have advanced to safety trials in humans. Rats that express human G2019S-LRRK2 protein and G2019S-LRRK2 knock-in mice provide newly characterized models to better understand the ostensible target for inhibitors. Herein, we explore the relationships between LRRK2 kinase inhibition in the brain and the periphery to establish the link between LRRK2 kinase activity and protein stability, induction of lysosomal defects in kidney and lung, and how G2019S-LRRK2 expression impacts these phenotypes. Using a novel ultra-sensitive scalable assay based on protein capillary electrophoresis with LRRK2 kinase inhibitors included in-diet, G2019S-LRRK2 protein was resilient to inhibition compared to wild-type (WT)-LRRK2 protein, particularly in the brain. Whereas WT-LRRK2 kinase activity could be completed blocked without lowering LRRK2 protein levels, higher inhibitor concentrations were necessary to fully reduce G2019S-LRRK2 activity. G2019S-LRRK2 expression afforded robust protection from inhibitor-induced kidney lysosomal defects, suggesting a gain-of-function for the mutation in this phenotype. In rodents treated with inhibitors, parallel measurements of phospho-Rab10 revealed a poor correlation to phospho-LRRK2, likely due to cells that express Rab10 but poorly express LRRK2 in heterogenous tissues and cell isolates. In summary, our results highlight several challenges associated with the inhibition of the G2019S-LRRK2 kinase that might be considered in initial clinical efforts.
| S-EPMC7041630 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In response to brain injury, microglia rapidly extend processes that isolate lesion sites and protect the brain from further injury. Here we report that microglia carrying a pathogenic mutation in the Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated gene, G2019S-LRRK2 (GS-Tg microglia), show retarded ADP-induced motility and delayed isolation of injury, compared with non-Tg microglia. Conversely, LRRK2 knockdown microglia are highly motile compared with control cells. In our functional assays, LRRK2 binds to focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and phosphorylates its Thr-X-Arg/Lys (TXR/K) motif(s), eventually attenuating FAK activity marked by decreased pY397 phosphorylation (pY397). GS-LRRK2 decreases the levels of pY397 in the brain, microglia and HEK cells. In addition, treatment with an inhibitor of LRRK2 kinase restores pY397 levels, decreased pTXR levels and rescued motility of GS-Tg microglia. These results collectively suggest that G2019S mutation of LRRK2 may contribute to the development of PD by inhibiting microglial response to brain injury.
| S-EPMC4647842 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are associated with increased risk for developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Previously, we found that LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers have increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and after zinc finger nuclease-mediated gene mutation correction, mtDNA damage was no longer detectable. While the mtDNA damage phenotype can be unambiguously attributed to the LRRK2 G2019S mutation, the underlying mechanism(s) is unknown. Here, we examine the role of LRRK2 kinase function in LRRK2 G2019S-mediated mtDNA damage, using both genetic and pharmacological approaches in cultured neurons and PD patient-derived cells. Expression of LRRK2 G2019S induced mtDNA damage in primary rat midbrain neurons, but not in cortical neuronal cultures. In contrast, the expression of LRRK2 wild type or LRRK2 D1994A mutant (kinase dead) had no effect on mtDNA damage in either midbrain or cortical neuronal cultures. In addition, human LRRK2 G2019S patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) demonstrated increased mtDNA damage relative to age-matched controls. Importantly, treatment of LRRK2 G2019S expressing midbrain neurons or patient-derived LRRK2 G2019S LCLs with the LRRK2 kinase inhibitor GNE-7915, either prevented or restored mtDNA damage to control levels. These findings support the hypothesis that LRRK2 G2019S-induced mtDNA damage is LRRK2 kinase activity dependent, uncovering a novel pathological role for this kinase. Blocking or reversing mtDNA damage via LRRK2 kinase inhibition or other therapeutic approaches may be useful to slow PD-associated pathology.
| S-EPMC5886254 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Several mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) have been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). The most common substitution, G2019S, interferes with LRRK2 kinase activity, which is regulated by autophosphorylation. Yet, the penetrance of this gain-of-function mutation is incomplete, and thus far, few factors have been correlated with disease status in carriers. This includes (i) LRRK2 autophosphorylation in urinary exosomes, (ii) serum levels of the antioxidant urate, and (iii) abundance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription-associated 7S DNA. In light of a mechanistic link between LRRK2 kinase activity and mtDNA lesion formation, we previously investigated mtDNA integrity in fibroblasts from manifesting (LRRK2+/PD+) and non-manifesting carriers (LRRK2+/PD-) of the G2019S mutation as well as from aged-matched controls. In our published study, mtDNA major arc deletions correlated with PD status, with manifesting carriers presenting the highest levels. In keeping with these findings, we now further explored mitochondrial features in fibroblasts derived from LRRK2+/PD+ (n = 10), LRRK2+/PD- (n = 21), and control (n = 10) individuals. In agreement with an accumulation of mtDNA major arc deletions, we also detected reduced NADH dehydrogenase activity in the LRRK2+/PD+ group. Moreover, in affected G2019S carriers, we observed elevated mitochondrial mass and mtDNA copy numbers as well as increased expression of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates antioxidant signaling. Taken together, these results implicate mtDNA dyshomeostasis-possibly as a consequence of impaired mitophagy-in the penetrance of LRRK2-associated PD. Our findings are a step forward in the pursuit of unveiling markers that will allow monitoring of disease progression of LRRK2 mutation carriers.
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Project description:ObjectiveTo test whether phosphorylated Ser-1292 LRRK2 levels in urine exosomes predicts LRRK2 mutation carriers (LRRK2+) and noncarriers (LRRK2-) with Parkinson disease (PD+) and without Parkinson disease (PD-).MethodsLRRK2 protein was purified from urinary exosomes collected from participants in 2 independent cohorts. The first cohort included 14 men (LRRK2+/PD+, n = 7; LRRK2-/PD+, n = 4; LRRK2-/PD-, n = 3). The second cohort included 62 men (LRRK2-/PD-, n = 16; LRRK2+/PD-, n = 16; LRRK2+/PD+, n = 14; LRRK2-/PD+, n = 16). The ratio of Ser(P)-1292 LRRK2 to total LRRK2 was compared between LRRK2+/PD+ and LRRK2- in the first cohort and between LRRK2 G2019S carriers with and without PD in the second cohort.ResultsLRRK2+/PD+ had higher ratios of Ser(P)-1292 LRRK2 to total LRRK2 than LRRK2-/PD- (4.8-fold, p < 0.001) and LRRK2-/PD+ (4.6-fold, p < 0.001). Among mutation carriers, those with PD had higher Ser(P)-1292 LRRK2 to total LRRK2 than those without PD (2.2-fold, p < 0.001). Ser(P)-1292 LRRK2 levels predicted symptomatic from asymptomatic carriers with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.844.ConclusionElevated ratio of phosphorylated Ser-1292 LRRK2 to total LRRK2 in urine exosomes predicted LRRK2 mutation status and PD risk among LRRK2 mutation carriers. Future studies may explore whether interventions that reduce this ratio may also reduce PD risk.
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Project description:Mutations in LRRK2 are known to be the most common genetic cause of sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Multiple lines of LRRK2 transgenic or knockin mice have been developed, yet none exhibit substantial dopamine (DA)-neuron degeneration. Here we develop human tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter-controlled tetracycline-sensitive LRRK2 G2019S (GS) and LRRK2 G2019S kinase-dead (GS/DA) transgenic mice and show that LRRK2 GS expression leads to an age- and kinase-dependent cell-autonomous neurodegeneration of DA and norepinephrine (NE) neurons. Accompanying the loss of DA neurons are DA-dependent behavioral deficits and α-synuclein pathology that are also LRRK2 GS kinase-dependent. Transmission EM reveals that that there is an LRRK2 GS kinase-dependent significant reduction in synaptic vesicle number and a greater abundance of clathrin-coated vesicles in DA neurons. These transgenic mice indicate that LRRK2-induced DA and NE neurodegeneration is kinase-dependent and can occur in a cell-autonomous manner. Moreover, these mice provide a substantial advance in animal model development for LRRK2-associated PD and an important platform to investigate molecular mechanisms for how DA neurons degenerate as a result of expression of mutant LRRK2.
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Project description:Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is an essential cellular metabolic process that generates ATP. The enzymes involved in OXPHOS are considered to be promising druggable targets. Through screening of an in-house synthetic library with bovine heart submitochondrial particles, we identified a unique symmetric bis-sulfonamide, KPYC01112 (1) as an inhibitor targeting NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Structural modifications of KPYC01112 (1) led to the discovery of the more potent inhibitors 32 and 35 possessing long alkyl chains (IC50 = 0.017 and 0.014 μM, respectively). A photoaffinity labeling experiment using a newly synthesized photoreactive bis-sulfonamide ([125I]-43) revealed that it binds to the 49-kDa, PSST, and ND1 subunits which make up the quinone-accessing cavity of complex I.
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