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Four New Pale-Spored Species of Xylaria (Xylariaceae, Xylariales) with a Key to Worldwide Species on Fallen Fruits and Seeds.

ABSTRACT: Xylaria, a large and cosmopolitan genus of Ascomycota, plays an important ecological role in forest ecology as wood-decomposers, and serve as a source of bioactive secondary metabolites. The present work concerns a survey of Xylaria from Southwest China. Four new species of Xylaria with pale-colored ascospores associated with fallen fruits and seeds are described and illustrated based on morphological and phylogenetic evidences. The phylogeny inferred from a combined dataset of ITS-RPB2-β-tubulin sequences supports these four species as distinct species. The four new taxa, namely Xylariarogersii, X. schimicola, X. theaceicola, and X. wallichii, are compared and contrasted against morphologically similar species. A dichotomous identification key to all the accepted species of Xylaria associated with fallen fruits and seeds is given.

SUBMITTER: Ma H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9220042 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Four New Pale-Spored Species of Xylaria (Xylariaceae, Xylariales) with a Key to Worldwide Species on Fallen Fruits and Seeds.

Ma Haixia H Song Zikun Z Pan Xiaoyan X Qu Zhi Z Yang Zhanen Z Li Yu Y Zhu Anhong A

Biology 20220608 6

Xylaria, a large and cosmopolitan genus of Ascomycota, plays an important ecological role in forest ecology as wood-decomposers, and serve as a source of bioactive secondary metabolites. The present work concerns a survey of Xylaria from Southwest China. Four new species of Xylaria with pale-colored ascospores associated with fallen fruits and seeds are described and illustrated based on morphological and phylogenetic evidences. The phylogeny inferred from a combined dataset ...[more]

PMID: 35741406

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Project description:BackgroundXylaria species growing on fallen leaves and petioles have not been treated systematically. One source of confusion in this group of Xylaria species has stemmed from X. filiformis, which is an ancient name published in 1805 as Sphaeria filiformis and has commonly labeled on specimen packets that contain leaf- and petiole-inhabiting Xylaria species. Here we clarified the identity of X. filiformis and distinguish it from the species that are easily confused with it, notably X. simplicissima, to which most specimens labeled as X. filiformis are referred. Our research also led us to encounter many other leaf- and petiole-inhabiting Xylaria species, prompting a comprehensive study of this group of fungi.ResultsForty-five foliicolous and caulicolous species of Xylaria were studied, including nine newly described species-X. allima, X. appendiculatoides, X. hispidipes, X. minuscula, X. neblinensis, X. spiculaticlavata, X. vermiformis, X. vittatipiliformis, and X. vittiformis; three unnamed species-X. sp. AR1741, X. sp. GS7461A, and X. sp. GS7461B; X. simplicissima, a name newly combined with Xylaria from Rhizomorpha simplicissima; and X. noduliformis and X. imminuta, which are two new replacement names, respectively, for X. maitlandii var. nuda and X. hypsipoda var. microspora. The 45 taxa can be classified into three groups by stromatal shape and conspicuousness of perithecial mounds on the stromatal surface: (i) the X. filiformis group contains 10 species, (ii) the X. phyllocharis group contains 19 species, and (iii) the X. heloidea group contains 16 species. One of the newly described or unnamed species belongs to the X. filiformis group-X. vermiformis; nine of them belong to the X. phyllocharis group-X. allima, X. appendiculatoides, Xylaria minuscula, X. neblinensis, X. sp. AR1741, X. sp. GS7461B, X. spiculaticlavata, X. vittatipiliformis, and X. vittiformis; and three of them belong to the X. heloidea group-X. hispidipes, X. imminuta, and X. sp. GS7461A.ConclusionThe 45 species of Xylaria associated with fallen leaves and petioles can be identified by using the dichotomous identification key that we provided herein. It is important to note that most of the studied species are represented by only one or several specimens and many have not been recollected and cultured.

Project description:At present 75 species of Hypocrea have been identified in temperate Europe. Nineteen green-spored species and their Trichoderma asexual states are here described in detail. Extensive searches for Hypocrea teleomorphs in 14 European countries, with emphasis on Central Europe, yielded more than 620 specimens within five years. The morphology of fresh and dry stromata was studied. In addition, available types of species described from Europe were examined. Cultures were prepared from ascospores and used to study the morphology of cultures and anamorphs, to determine growth rates, and to extract DNA that was used for amplification and sequencing of three genetic markers. ITS was used for identification, while RNA polymerase II subunit b (rpb2) and translation elongation factor 1 alpha (tef1) were analyzed for phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus.SEVERAL UNEXPECTED FINDINGS RESULTED FROM THIS PROJECT: 1) The previous view that only a small number of Trichoderma species form a teleomorph is erroneous. 2) All expectations concerning the number of species in Europe are by far exceeded. Seventy-five species of Hypocrea, two species of Protocrea, and Arachnocrea stipata, are herein identified in temperate Europe, based on the ITS identification routine using fresh material, on species described earlier without molecular data and on species recently described but not collected during this project. 3) Current data suggest that the biodiversity of Hypocrea / Trichoderma above soil exceeds the number of species isolated from soil. 4) The number of Trichoderma species forming hyaline conidia has been considered a small fraction. In Europe, 26 species of those forming teleomorphs produce hyaline conidia, while 42 green-conidial species are known. Three of the detected Hypocrea species do not form an anamorph in culture, while the anamorph is unknown in four species, because they have never been cultured.This work is a preliminary account of Hypocrea and their Trichoderma anamorphs in Europe. Of the hyaline-spored species, H. minutispora is by far the most common species in Europe, while of the green-spored species this is H. strictipilosa.General ecology of Hypocrea is discussed. Specific associations, either with host fungi or trees have been found, but the majority of species seems to be necrotrophic on diverse fungi on wood and bark.The taxonomy of the genus will be treated in two parts. In this first part 19 species of Hypocrea with green ascospores, including six new teleomorph and five new anamorph species, are described in detail. All green-spored species belong to previously recognised clades, except H. spinulosa, which forms the new Spinulosa Clade with two additional new species, and H. fomiticola, which belongs to the Semiorbis Clade and forms effuse to large subpulvinate stromata on Fomes fomentarius, a trait new for species with green ascospores. Anamorph names are established prospectively in order to provide a basis for possible policy alterations towards their use for holomorphs.

Dataset Information

Four New Pale-Spored Species of Xylaria (Xylariaceae, Xylariales) with a Key to Worldwide Species on Fallen Fruits and Seeds.

Publications

Four New Pale-Spored Species of <i>Xylaria</i> (Xylariaceae, Xylariales) with a Key to Worldwide Species on Fallen Fruits and Seeds.

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