The Landscape and Clinical Application of the Tumor Microenvironment in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.

ABSTRACT: Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms feature high heterogeneity. Neuroendocrine tumor cells are closely associated with the tumor microenvironment. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells are mutually educated by each other and by tumor cells. Immune cells have dual protumorigenic and antitumorigenic effects. The immune environment is conducive to the invasion and metastasis of the tumor; in turn, tumor cells can change the immune environment. These cells also form cytokines, immune checkpoint systems, and tertiary lymphoid structures to participate in the process of mutual adaptation. Additionally, the fibroblasts, vascular structure, and microbiota exhibit interactions with tumor cells. From bench to bedside, clinical practice related to the tumor microenvironment is also regarded as

SUBMITTER: Xu S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9221445 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature