Different factors limit early- and late-season windows of opportunity for monarch development.

ABSTRACT: Seasonal windows of opportunity are intervals within a year that provide improved prospects for growth, survival, or reproduction. However, few studies have sufficient temporal resolution to examine how multiple factors combine to constrain the seasonal timing and extent of developmental opportunities. Here, we document seasonal changes in milkweed (Asclepias fascicularis)-monarch (Danaus plexippus) interactions with high resolution throughout the last three breeding seasons prior to a precipitous single-year decline in the western monarch population. Our results show early- and late-season windows of opportunity for monarch recruitment that were constrained by different combinations of factors. Early-season windows of opportunity were characterized by high egg densities and

SUBMITTER: Yang LH 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9273743 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature