Dataset Information

ACE2 Protein Expression During Childhood, Adolescence, and Early Adulthood.

ABSTRACT: Purpose and context. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is the entry receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Variations in ACE2 expression might explain age-related symptomatology of COVID-19, that is, more gastro-intestinal symptoms and less pulmonary complaints. This study qualitatively investigated ACE2 protein expression in various organs from the fetal to the young adolescent stage. Method. Autopsy samples from lung, heart, liver, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, kidney, adrenals, and brain (when available) were obtained from twenty subjects aged 24 weeks gestational age through 28 years. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded 4-um-thick tissue sections were stained against ACE2. Key results. We showed that the extent of ACE2 expression is age-related. With age, expression increases in lungs and decreases in intestines. In the other examined organs, ACE2 protein expression did not change with age. In brain tissue, ACE2 was expressed in astrocytes and endothelial cells. Conclusions. Age-related ACE2 expression differences could be one substrate of the selective clinical vulnerability of the respiratory and gastro-intestinal system to SARS-CoV-2 infection during infancy.

SUBMITTER: Schurink B

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9277324 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jul-Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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ACE2 Protein Expression During Childhood, Adolescence, and Early Adulthood.

Schurink Bernadette B Roos Eva E Vos Wim W Breur Marjolein M van der Valk Paul P Bugiani Marianna M

Pediatric and developmental pathology : the official journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society 20220228 4

<b>Purpose and context</b>. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is the entry receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Variations in ACE2 expression might explain age-related symptomatology of COVID-19, that is, more gastro-intestinal symptoms and less pulmonary complaints. This study qualitatively investigated ACE2 protein expression in various organs from the fetal to the young adolescent stage. <b>Method</b>. Autopsy samples from lung, heart, liver, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, kidney, adrenal ...[more]

PMID: 35220822

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Project description:BackgroundAs more adults undergo surgical fixation of clavicle fractures with improved outcomes, interest is renewed in managing clavicle fractures in adolescents. The medial clavicular physis does not fuse until 23 to 25 years of age, but studies report minimal clavicular growth during adolescence-studies that employed cross-sectional methodologies, which cannot not capture growth in patients over time. The assumption that clavicle length at each stage is uniform, as is the final overall length, may not be accurate if the age groups studied comprise various ethnicities, socioeconomic status, or height.Questions/purposesWe sought to quantify longitudinal clavicular growth on serial radiographs in adolescents and young adults. Our hypothesis was that substantial clavicular growth would be seen beyond the age of 12 years.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal case series of non-syndromic patients in a single orthopedic clinic and analyzed serial radiographic images of the clavicles. For ethical reasons, only patients with non-neuromuscular scoliosis and kyphosis (in whom the existing standard of care includes serial thoracic radiographs) were considered for inclusion. Patients ages 10 to 25 years old were included in the study if three or more serial thoracic radiographs over a minimum 5 years were available that captured the entire length of at least one non-rotated clavicle. Three types of radiographs were included for analysis: digital low-dose-radiation stereoradiographic (EOS Imaging, Paris, France), non-EOS digital, and non-EOS printed. The overall longitudinal growth, yearly growth, and the yearly growth percentage were calculated for each clavicle.ResultsFifty-seven patients (22 male and 35 female) met the inclusion criteria. In male patients, at ages 12 to 15 years, the clavicular growth was 4.9 mm/year, or 4%/year; at ages 16 to 19 years, growth was 3.2 mm/year, or 2.4%/year; and at ages 20 to 25 years, growth was 1.7 mm/year, or 1.1%/year. In female patients, at ages 12 to 15 years, growth was 4.7 mm/year, or 4%/year; at 16 to 19 years, growth was 2.2 mm/year, or 1.7%/year; and at ages 20 to 25 years, growth was 0.2 mm/year or 0.1%/year. We could not detect the age of terminal growth in either sex because growth was ongoing in most patients in the oldest group.ConclusionWe found substantial clavicular growth potential after age 18 years, when growth is thought to be nearly finished, as well as remodeling potential even up to age 25 years. Further research is needed, but our findings suggest that strategies for managing clavicle fracture in adults may not be applied universally to adolescents and young adults.

Project description:ImportanceCesarean birth has been associated with higher risk of obesity in offspring, but previous studies have focused primarily on childhood obesity and have been hampered by limited control for confounders.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between cesarean birth and risk of obesity in offspring.Design, setting, and participantsA prospective cohort study was conducted from September 1, 1996, to December 31, 2012, among participants of the Growing Up Today Study, including 22 068 offspring born to 15 271 women, followed up via questionnaire from ages 9 to 14 through ages 20 to 28 years. Data analysis was conducted from October 10, 2015, to June 14, 2016.ExposureBirth by cesarean delivery.Main outcomes and measuresRisk of obesity based on International Obesity Task Force or World Health Organization body mass index cutoffs, depending on age. Secondary outcomes included risks of obesity associated with changes in mode of delivery and differences in risk between siblings whose modes of birth were discordant.ResultsOf the 22 068 offspring (20 950 white; 9359 male and 12 709 female), 4921 individuals (22.3%) were born by cesarean delivery. The cumulative risk of obesity through the end of follow-up was 13% among all participants. The adjusted risk ratio for obesity among offspring delivered via cesarean birth vs those delivered via vaginal birth was 1.15 (95% CI, 1.06-1.26; P = .002). This association was stronger among women without known indications for cesarean delivery (adjusted risk ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.09-1.54; P = .004). Offspring delivered via vaginal birth among women who had undergone a previous cesarean delivery had a 31% (95% CI, 17%-47%) lower risk of obesity compared with those born to women with repeated cesarean deliveries. In within-family analysis, individuals born by cesarean delivery had 64% (8%-148%) higher odds of obesity than did their siblings born via vaginal delivery.Conclusions and relevanceCesarean birth was associated with offspring obesity after accounting for major confounding factors. Although additional research is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying this association, clinicians and patients should weigh this risk when considering cesarean delivery in the absence of a clear indication.

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ACE2 Protein Expression During Childhood, Adolescence, and Early Adulthood.

Publications

ACE2 Protein Expression During Childhood, Adolescence, and Early Adulthood.

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