Dataset Information

Detection of clenbuterol residues in beef sausages and its enantiomeric analysis using UHPLC-MS/MS: A risk of unintentional doping in sport field.

ABSTRACT: Clenbuterol (Clb) can be present in Mexico often but not all over the world in animal tissues and organs, therefore, potentially is derived from animal sources as well. The aims of this study were to develop and validate a method for detecting traces of clenbuterol in beef sausages. A calibration curve showed linearity in the range of 20-500 pg ml^-1 . The limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were 5 and 10 pg g^-1 , respectively. The analyte recovery was from 95.70% to 100.40% with an intraday relative standard deviation (RSD%) of 0.99%-2.10% and an interday RSD% of 0.54%-2.34%, R² = 0.9998. The methodology developed was applied successfully in 15 samples of beef sausage, and 73.3% of the samples tested contained racemic clenbuterol in concentrations between 30 and 471 pg g^-1 . The UHPLC-MS/MS method developed combines high sensitivity with good selectivity and short chromatographic run time. Additionally, the enantiomeric analysis of clenbuterol performed in beef sausages showed a 59% for R-(-)-Clb and 41% for S-(+)-Clb. The presence of clenbuterol in beef sausages could represent a risk of unintentional doping in sport field, because the clenbuterol is a banned substance included in the World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) list of prohibited substances.

SUBMITTER: Velasco-Bejarano B

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9303807 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Detection of clenbuterol residues in beef sausages and its enantiomeric analysis using UHPLC-MS/MS: A risk of unintentional doping in sport field.

Velasco-Bejarano Benjamín B Velasco-Carrillo Ricardo R Camacho-Frias Evangelina E Bautista Jahir J López-Arellano Raquel R Rodríguez Leonardo L

Drug testing and analysis 20220215 6

Clenbuterol (Clb) can be present in Mexico often but not all over the world in animal tissues and organs, therefore, potentially is derived from animal sources as well. The aims of this study were to develop and validate a method for detecting traces of clenbuterol in beef sausages. A calibration curve showed linearity in the range of 20-500 pg ml<sup>-1</sup> . The limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were 5 and 10 pg g<sup>-1</sup> , respectively. The analyte recov ...[more]

PMID: 35132808

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Project description:BackgroundAlthough performance-enhancing drugs appear to be prevalent in adolescent sports, relatively little attention has been paid to why adolescent athletes decide to use these drugs. In this study, we examine doping among adolescents from a motivational perspective and explore how motivational variables, such as achievement goal orientations and the perceived self-determination of sports activities, may be related to moral attitudes, doping intentions and doping behavior in adolescents who participate in competitive sports.MethodologyThe study included 1035 adolescents participating in competitive sports from all regions of the Czech Republic (mean age = 16.3 years). The respondents completed a battery of questionnaires assessing their achievement goal orientations (task, ego), sports motivation at various levels of self-determination (intrinsic motivation, external regulation, amotivation), moral attitudes toward sport competition (acceptance of cheating, keeping winning in proportion, attitudes toward doping), doping intentions and doping behavior. A structural equation model was used to test the relations among motivational variables, attitudes, intentions and doping behavior.Principal resultsOur analyses indicated a good fit with the proposed model, which explained 59% of the variance in doping intentions and 17.6% of the variance in doping behavior. Within the model, task orientation was positively associated with intrinsic motivation and lower amotivation, whereas ego orientation was positively associated with extrinsic regulation and amotivation. Furthermore, intrinsic motivation was positively associated with keeping winning in proportion and negatively associated with acceptance of cheating and attitudes toward doping; the less self-determined forms of motivation showed opposite relationships. However, only the acceptance of cheating and attitudes toward doping were related to doping intention, which subsequently predicted doping behavior.Conclusions/significanceThe results provide further evidence that sports motivation represents a psychological variable that should be considered in anti-doping policies, programs, and interventions aimed at the adolescent population because motivation was linked to the doping-related attitudinal variables and also partially mediated the effect of achievement goal orientations in this regard. On the basis of these results, we may argue that the focus on intrinsic enjoyment, self-referenced criteria of success and self-improvement may be related to more negative attitudes toward doping and cheating, lower doping intentions and less frequent doping behavior, whereas the emphasis on competition, comparison with others and external motivation appear to be related to the opposite outcomes.

Project description:High-grain diets are strongly associated with metabolic disorders in beef steers. Metabolomics can be used to explore the relationship between diet and metabolic changes, but no study has reported rumen and plasma metabolomics profiling associated with increasing dietary corn proportions in the diet of beef steers. Therefore, 12 steers paired according to similar body weights and body condition scores were randomly allocated to one of two diets: a low-corn (28.76%) diet (LCD) with a 40:60 ratio of concentrate to roughage and a high-corn (48.76%) diet (HCD) with a 60:40 ratio of concentrate to roughage. Metabolomics profiling by ultra-high-performance liquid tandem chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF/MS) showed that steers fed the HCD had increased rumen and plasma carbohydrate metabolites and amino acids, which contributed to the growth of the beef steers. However, the rumen acidity and ruminal and plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations significantly increased with the increase amounts of corn in the diet. In total, 717 rumen metabolites and 386 plasma metabolites were identified. By multivariate analysis, 144 rumen and 56 plasma metabolites were further identified that were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.05 and variable influence on projection > 1). The differential metabolites in the rumen and plasma were associated with different metabolic pathways, and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism were common key metabolic pathways for the two biofluids. In conclusion, the high-corn diet improved the growth performance of beef steers but decreased the ruminal pH and increased the LPS and harmful metabolites in the rumen and blood, which has implications for the incidence of metabolic diseases. The identified differential metabolites in both the rumen and plasma and the related metabolic pathways may contribute to the exploration of potential biomarkers for high-corn diet-based metabolic diseases.

Dataset Information

Detection of clenbuterol residues in beef sausages and its enantiomeric analysis using UHPLC-MS/MS: A risk of unintentional doping in sport field.

Publications

Detection of clenbuterol residues in beef sausages and its enantiomeric analysis using UHPLC-MS/MS: A risk of unintentional doping in sport field.

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