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Inter-annual and inter-species tree growth explained by phenology of xylogenesis.

ABSTRACT: Wood formation determines major long-term carbon (C) accumulation in trees and therefore provides a crucial ecosystem service in mitigating climate change. Nevertheless, we lack understanding of how species with contrasting wood anatomical types differ with respect to phenology and environmental controls on wood formation. In this study, we investigated the seasonality and rates of radial growth and their relationships with climatic factors, and the seasonal variations of stem nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) in three species with contrasting wood anatomical types (red oak: ring-porous; red maple: diffuse-porous; white pine: coniferous) in a temperate mixed forest during 2017-2019. We found that the high ring width variability observed in both red oak and red maple was caused more by changes in growth duration than growth rate. Seasonal radial growth patterns did not vary following transient environmental factors for all three species. Both angiosperm species showed higher concentrations and lower inter-annual fluctuations of NSC than the coniferous species. Inter-annual variability of ring width varied by species with contrasting wood anatomical types. Due to the high dependence of annual ring width on growth duration, our study highlights the critical importance of xylem formation phenology for understanding and modelling the dynamics of wood formation.

SUBMITTER: Chen Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9325364 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Inter-annual and inter-species tree growth explained by phenology of xylogenesis.

Chen Yizhao Y Rademacher Tim T Fonti Patrick P Eckes-Shephard Annemarie H AH LeMoine James M JM Fonti Marina V MV Richardson Andrew D AD Friend Andrew D AD

The New phytologist 20220526 3

Wood formation determines major long-term carbon (C) accumulation in trees and therefore provides a crucial ecosystem service in mitigating climate change. Nevertheless, we lack understanding of how species with contrasting wood anatomical types differ with respect to phenology and environmental controls on wood formation. In this study, we investigated the seasonality and rates of radial growth and their relationships with climatic factors, and the seasonal variations of stem nonstructural carb ...[more]

PMID: 35488501

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Project description:BackgroundXylogenesis is synchronous among trees in regions with a distinct growing season, leading to a forest-wide time lag between growth and carbon uptake. In contrast, little is known about interspecific or even intraspecific variability of xylogenesis in tropical forests. Yet an understanding of xylogenesis patterns is key to successfully combine bottom-up (e.g., from permanent forest inventory plots) and top-down (e.g., from eddy covariance flux towers) carbon flux estimates.MethodsHere, we monitor xylogenesis development of 18 trees belonging to 6 abundant species during 8 weeks at the onset of the rainy season from March to April 2022 in a semideciduous rainforest in the Yangambi reserve (central Democratic Republic of the Congo). For each tree, the weekly cambial state (dormant or active) was determined by epifluorescence microscopy.ResultsWe find interspecific variability in the cambial phenology, with two species showing predominant cambial dormancy and two species showing predominant cambial activity during the monitoring period. We also find intraspecific variability in two species where individuals either display cambial dormancy or cambial activity. All trees kept > 60% of their leaves throughout the dry season and the monitoring period, suggesting a weak relationship between the phenology of the cambial and foliar. Our results suggest that individual trees in Yangambi asynchronously activate their cambial growth throughout the year, regardless of leaf phenology or seasonal rainfall.ConclusionThese results are consistent with global analysis of gross primary productivity estimates from eddy covariance flux towers, showing that tropical biomes lack a synchronous dormant period. However, a longer-term monitoring experiment, including more species, is necessary to confirm this for the Congo Basin. As Yangambi is equipped with facilities for microscopic wood analysis, a network of inventory plots and a flux tower, further research in this site will reveal how xylogenesis patterns drive annual variability in carbon fluxes and how ground-based and top-down measurements can be combined for robust upscaling analysis of Congo basin carbon budgets.

Project description:Climate change has caused widespread shifts in species' phenology, but the consequences for population and community dynamics remain unclear because of uncertainty regarding the species-specific drivers of phenology and abundance, and the implications for synchrony among interacting species. Here, we develop a statistical model to quantify inter-annual variation in phenology and abundance over an environmental gradient, and use it to identify potential drivers of phenology and abundance in co-occurring species. We fit the model to counts of 10 butterfly species with single annual generations over a mountain elevation gradient, as an exemplar system in which temporally limited availability of biotic resources and favorable abiotic conditions impose narrow windows of seasonal activity. We estimate parameters describing changes in abundance, and the peak time and duration of the flight period, over ten years (2004-2013) and across twenty sample locations (930-2,050 m) in central Spain. We also use the model outputs to investigate relationships of phenology and abundance with temperature and rainfall. Annual shifts in phenology were remarkably consistent among species, typically showing earlier flight periods during years with warm conditions in March or May-June. In contrast, inter-annual variation in relative abundance was more variable among species, and generally less well associated with climatic conditions. Nevertheless, warmer temperatures in June were associated with increased relative population growth in three species, and five species had increased relative population growth in years with earlier flight periods. These results suggest that broadly coherent interspecific changes to phenology could help to maintain temporal synchrony in community dynamics under climate change, but that the relative composition of communities may vary due to interspecific inconsistency in population dynamic responses to climate change. However, it may still be possible to predict abundance change for species based on a robust understanding of relationships between their population dynamics and phenology, and the environmental drivers of both.

Project description:Understanding how tropical tree species differ in their growth strategies is critical to predict forest dynamics and assess species coexistence. Although tree growth is highly variable in tropical forests, species maximum growth is often considered as a major axis synthesizing species strategies, with fast-growing pioneer and slow-growing shade tolerant species as emblematic representatives. We used a hierarchical linear mixed model and 21-years long tree diameter increment series in a monsoon forest of the Western Ghats, India, to characterize species growth strategies and question whether maximum growth summarizes these strategies. We quantified both species responses to biotic and abiotic factors and individual tree effects unexplained by these factors. Growth responses to competition and tree size appeared highly variable among species which led to reversals in performance ranking along those two gradients. However, species-specific responses largely overlapped due to large unexplained variability resulting mostly from inter-individual growth differences consistent over time. On average one-third of the variability captured by our model was explained by covariates. This emphasizes the high dimensionality of the tree growth process, i.e. the fact that trees differ in many dimensions (genetics, life history) influencing their growth response to environmental gradients, some being unmeasured or unmeasurable. In addition, intraspecific variability increased as a power function of species maximum growth partly as a result of higher absolute responses of fast-growing species to competition and tree size. However, covariates explained on average the same proportion of intraspecific variability for slow- and fast-growing species, which showed the same range of relative responses to competition and tree size. These results reflect a scale invariance of the growth process, underlining that slow- and fast-growing species exhibit the same range of growth strategies.

Project description:Irrigation and other agricultural management practices play a key role in land surface fluxes and their interactions with atmospheric processes. California’s Central Valley agricultural productivity is strongly linked to water availability associated with conveyance infrastructure and groundwater, but greater scrutiny over agricultural water use requires better practices particularly during extended and severe drought conditions. The future of irrigated agriculture in California is expected to be characterized neither by perpetual scarcity nor by widespread abundance. Thus, further advancing irrigation technologies and improving management practices will be key for California’s agriculture sustainability. In this study, we present micrometeorological observations from the Grape Remote Sensing Atmospheric Profile and Evapotranspiration eXperiment (GRAPEX) project. Daily, seasonal, and inter-seasonal surface flux patterns and relationships across five vineyards over three distinct California wine production regions were investigated. Vineyard actual evapotranspiration showed significant differences at the sub-daily and daily scale when comparisons across wine production regions and varieties were performed. Water use in vineyards in the Central Valley was about 70% greater in comparison to the vineyards at the North Coast area due to canopy size, atmospheric demand, and irrigation inputs. Inter-annual variability of surface fluxes was also significant, even though, overall weather conditions (i.e., air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, wind speed, and solar radiation) were not significantly different. Thus, not only irrigation but also other management practices played a key role in seasonal water use, and given these differences, we conclude that further advancing ground-based techniques to quantify crop water use at an operational scale will be key to facing California’s agriculture present and future water challenges. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00271-022-00784-0.

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Inter-annual and inter-species tree growth explained by phenology of xylogenesis.

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Inter-annual and inter-species tree growth explained by phenology of xylogenesis.

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