Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Date Palm Waste
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Raza M
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9330260 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jul
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Towards the utilization of different parts of date palm biomass waste, low-concentration acid-alkali treatment was used to isolate the contained cellulose and α-cellulose. The cellulose yields achieved from the rachis, leaflet, and fiber parts of the biomass were 74.70%, 71.50%, and 73.82%, respectively, while the corresponding α-cellulose yields were 78.63%, 75.64%, and 70.40%, respectively. The cellulose samples were bleached and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD results revealed high crystallinity of both the cellulose and α-cellulose samples, while the TGA thermograms indicated that the alkali treatment completely removed lignin and hemicelluloses from the rachis. The results of this study demonstrate the promise of using date palm biomass waste as raw material to produce cellulose and α-cellulose.
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Project description:Lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) have emerged as a new class of nanocelluloses where the presence of residual lignin is expected to impart additional attributes such as hydrophobicity or UV-absorption. In the present work, LCNFs with a lignin content between 7 and 15 wt% were prepared via a TEMPO-mediated oxidation as chemical pretreatment followed by high-pressure homogenization. The impact of the carboxyl content (CC) on the properties of the resulting LCNF gel, in terms of lignin content, colloidal properties, morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability, were investigated. It was found that lignin content was significantly decreased at increasing CC. In addition, CC had a positive effect on colloidal stability and water contact angle, as well as resulting in smaller fibrils. This lower size, together with the lower lignin content, resulted in a slightly lower thermal stability. The reinforcing potential of the LCNFs when incorporated into a ductile polymer matrix was also explored by preparing nanocomposite films with different LCNF contents that were mechanically tested under linear and non-linear regimes by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile tests. For comparison purposes, the reinforcing effect of the LCNFs with lignin-free CNFs was also reported based on literature data. It was found that lignin hinders the network-forming capacity of LCNFs, as literature data shows a higher reinforcing potential of lignin-free CNFs. Nonetheless, the tensile strength of the acrylic matrix was enhanced by 10-fold at 10 wt% of LCNF content.
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Project description:Highly pure cellulosic polymers obtained from waste lignocellulose offer great potential for designing novel materials in the concept of biorefinery. In this work, alpha-cellulose and nanocrystalline cellulose were isolated from the date palm trunk mesh (DPTM) through a series of physicochemical treatments. Supercritical carbon dioxide treatment was used to remove soluble extractives, and concentrated alkali pretreatment was used to eliminate the lignin portion selectively to obtain alpha-cellulose in approximately 94% yield. Further treatments of this cellulose yielded nanocrystalline cellulose. The structure-property relationship studies were carried out by characterizing the obtained polymers by various standard methods and analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX-XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Almost 65% yield of pure cellulose was achieved, out of which 94% is the alpha-cellulose. This cellulose shows good thermal stability and crystallinity. The microscopic analysis of the nanocellulose showed a heterogeneous mix of irregular-shaped particles with a size range of 20-60 nm. The percentage crystallinity of alpha-cellulose and nanocellulose was found to be 68.9 and 71.8, respectively. Thus, this study shows that, this DPTM-based low-cost waste biomass can be a potential source to obtain cellulose and nano-cellulose.
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Project description:There is an interest in the sustainable utilization of waste cotton cloths because of their enormous volume of generation and high cellulose content. Waste cotton cloths generated are disposed of in a landfill, which causes environmental pollution and leads to the waste of useful resources. In the present study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were isolated from waste cotton cloths collected from a landfill. The waste cotton cloths collected from the landfill were sterilized and cleaned using supercritical CO2 (scCO2) technology. The cellulose was extracted from scCO2-treated waste cotton cloths using alkaline pulping and bleaching processes. Subsequently, the CNCs were isolated using the H2SO4 hydrolysis of cellulose. The isolated CNCs were analyzed to determine the morphological, chemical, thermal, and physical properties with various analytical methods, including attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EF-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the isolated CNCs had a needle-like structure with a length and diameter of 10-30 and 2-6 nm, respectively, and an aspect ratio of 5-15, respectively. Additionally, the isolated CNCs had a high crystallinity index with a good thermal stability. The findings of the present study revealed the potential of recycling waste cotton cloths to produce a value-added product.
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Project description:The current study delineates the use of date-palm-derived cellulose nanocrystals (dp-CNCs) as reinforcing agents. dp-CNCs were incorporated in varying amounts to poly(vinyl alcohol)/guar-gum-based phase-separated composite films. The films were prepared by using the solution casting method, which employed glutaraldehyde as the crosslinking agent. Subsequently, the films were characterized by bright field and polarizing microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and mechanical study. The microscopic techniques suggested that phase-separated films were formed, whose microstructure could be tailored by incorporating dp-CNCs. At higher levels of dp-CNC content, microcracks could be observed in the films. The transparency of the phase-separated films was not significantly altered when the dp-CNC content was on the lower side. FTIR spectroscopy suggested the presence of hydrogen bonding within the phase-separated films. dp-CNCs showed reinforcing effects at the lowest amount, whereas the mechanical properties of the films were compromised at higher dp-CNC content. Moxifloxacin was included in the films to determine the capability of the films as a drug delivery vehicle. It was found that the release of the drug could be tailored by altering the dp-CNC content within the phase-separated films. In gist, the developed dp-CNC-loaded poly(vinyl alcohol)/guar-gum-based phase-separated composite films could be explored as a drug delivery vehicle.
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Project description:Lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) have attracted great attention because the presence of lignin brought additional merits to cellulose nanofibrils including hydrophobicity, ultraviolet (UV)-shielding capacity, and reduced water sensitivity. In the present work, LCNFs with lignin content up to 21 wt % were prepared with a high yield exceeding 70 wt %, from neat date palm waste, by a hydrothermal treatment (HTT) at 120-150 °C in the presence of 20-30 wt % maleic acid, followed by high-pressure homogenization. The chemical composition, degree of polymerization, morphology, and colloidal and rheological properties of the LCNFs were investigated to understand how the HTT in the presence of MA affected the properties of the resulting LCNFs. Nanopapers prepared from the LCNF suspensions exhibited mechanical properties lower than those from lignin-free CNF-based nanopapers, yet with decreased hydrophilicity. A mechanism explaining how the HTT in the presence of MA facilitated the disintegration of the biomass into nanoscale material was proposed. Overall, the present work demonstrated a feasible and scalable approach for the sustainable production of LCNF suspensions from neat agricultural residues, with a high yield and a high lignin content, without any need to perform a preliminary partial delignification.
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Project description:The date palm tree is extensively cultivated in Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia, generating a large amount of waste in the form of leaves, seeds, and fibrous materials. This study examined the feasibility of using raw date palm fiber (RDPF) and NaOH chemically modified date palm fiber (NaOH-CMDPF) obtained from discarded agricultural waste for the removal of phenol in an aqueous environment. The adsorbent characterization was performed by using different techniques, i.e., particle size analysis; elemental analyzer (CHN); and BET, FTIR, and FESEM-EDX analysis. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of various functional groups on the surface of the RDPF and NaOH-CMDPF. The results showed that chemical modification by NaOH increased the phenol adsorption capacity that was well-fitted by the Langmuir isotherm. Higher removal was obtained with NaOH-CMDPF (86%) than with the RDPF (81%). The RDPF and NaOH-CMDPF sorbents' maximum (Qm) adsorption capacities were more than 45.62 mg/g and 89.67 mg/g and were comparable to the sorption capacities of various other types of agricultural waste biomass reported in the literature. The kinetic studies confirmed that the adsorption of phenol followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic process. The present study concluded that the RDPF and NaOH-CMDPF were eco-friendly and cost-effective in promoting sustainable management and the reuse of the Kingdom's lignocellulosic fiber waste material.
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Project description:Phosphorylation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) has remained a marginal activity despite the undisputed application potential in flame-retardant materials, sustainable high-capacity ion-exchange materials, or substrates for biomineralization among others. This is largely due to strenuous extraction methods prone to a combination of poor reproducibility, low degrees of substitution, disappointing yields, and impractical reaction sequences. Here, we demonstrate an improved methodology relying on the modification routines for phosphorylated cellulose nanofibers and hydrolysis by gaseous HCl to isolate CNCs. This allows us to overcome the aforementioned shortcomings and to reliably and reproducibly extract phosphorylated CNCs with exceptionally high surface charge (∼2000 mmol/kg) in a straightforward routine that minimizes water consumption and maximizes yields. The CNCs were characterized by NMR, ζpotential, conductometric titration, thermogravimetry, elemental analysis, wide-angle X-ray scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy.
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Project description:In order for sustainable nanomaterials such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to be utilized in industrial applications, a large-scale production capacity for CNCs must exist. Currently the only CNCs available commercially in kilogram scale are obtained from wood pulp (W-CNCs). Scaling the production capacity of W-CNCs isolation has led to their use in broader applications and captured the interest of researchers, industries and governments alike. Another source of CNCs with potential for commercial scale production are tunicates, a species of marine animal. Tunicate derived CNCs (T-CNCs) are a high aspect ratio CNC, which can complement commercially available W-CNCs in the growing global CNC market. Herein we report the isolation and characterization of T-CNCs from the tunicate Styela clava, an invasive species currently causing significant harm to local aquaculture communities. The reported procedure utilizes scalable CNC processing techniques and is based on our experiences from laboratory scale T-CNC isolation and pilot scale W-CNC isolation. To our best knowledge, this study represents the largest scale where T-CNCs have been isolated from any tunicate species, under any reaction conditions. Demonstrating a significant step towards commercial scale isolation of T-CNCs, and offering a potential solution to the numerous challenges which invasive tunicates pose to global aquaculture communities.
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Project description:Cellulose derived from biomass is a renewable resource with numerous applications. Using formic/peroxyformic acid at atmospheric pressure, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were isolated from rice husk (RH) in this study. This method was an excellent way to get rid of lignin and hemicelluloses from RH. The cellulose was subsequently acid hydrolyzed by H2SO4 (64%) for 30 minutes at 45 °C. The chemical and microstructure analysis showed that the lignin and hemicellulose contents of raw RH had been eliminated, and the crystallinity content of CNC was 67.16%. According to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) morphological analysis, CNC measured 19 ± 3.3 nm in diameter, 195 ± 24 nm in length, and 10.2 ± 6.8 in aspect ratio. The thermal stability of RH and CNC was also investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These encouraging findings demonstrated the potential for reusing RH agricultural waste to create CNC and include nanocomposites as a reinforcing material.
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