Synthesis of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester from Croton macrostachyus(Bisana) Kernel Oil: Parameter Optimization, Engine Performance, and Emission Characteristics for Croton macrostachyus Kernel Oil Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Blend with Mineral Diesel Fuel
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Zamba Z
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9348000 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jun
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:This work presents datasets on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) synthesized from the ternary blend of Cucurbita pepo-chrysophyllum albidum -papaya mix oils via methanolysis of mesoporous CaO heterogeneous catalyst derived from the mixture of Citrullus lanatus and Musa acuminate peels. The oils were extracted from the milled powdered using the solvent extraction method. Ternary oil mixed ratio of 33:33:34 with low acid value and density was achieved using simplex lattice design software. Characterization of the mixed calcined catalyst powder (MCCP) at 700 °C for 4 h was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and BET analysis. The thermal decomposition of mixed calcined catalyst powder (MCCP) produced 78.74% CaO with a strong basic site of 143 (μmole.g-1). Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was synthesized through the based catalyst transesterification of a derived catalyst by considering four variables data (reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst amount and methanol/oil molar ratio) using response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum experimental FAME data of 94.29 (wt. %) was achieved at run 16, but the central composite design (CCD) software predicted value of 98.00 (wt. %) at a reaction time of 70 min, reaction temperature of 80 °C, catalyst amount of 5.0 (wt.) and methanol to oil molar ratio (MeOH/OMR) of 6.97, at the desirability of 97.90%. This was validated in triplicate, and the average FAME data obtained was 93.45 (wt. %). The produced FAME properties dataset meets the standard recommended value of ASTM and EN14214.
| S-EPMC7184132 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The present data study deals with the experimental analysis of performance, emission and combustion characteristics of CI engine fuelled with corn oil methyl ester biodiesel blend as alternative fuel. A two-step trans esterification process is used to produce the biodiesel. Furthermore, a characteristics study was carried out on the extracted corn oil methyl ester biodiesel blends over conventional fuel. Three different fuel blends namely B10, B20 and B30 were chosen and the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of these are compared to that of conventional diesel fuel. Eddy current dynamometer is used load the engine from no load to maximum load condition. Using AVL DiGAS 444 N gas analyser and AVL 346 smoke meter the emissions and smoke opacity of the fuel blends and diesel were measured respectively. The experimental performance, emission and combustion data's were presented.
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Project description:The data employed the blend of waste used oil and beef tallow for the synthesis of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) via ethanolysis of developed catalyst from calcined fermented cocoa pod husk powder (CFCPHP) doped with burnt cocoa pod husk powder (BCHP). Characterization of the developed doped catalyst (DDC) was carried out using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and BET adsorption analysis, while the basic strength of the DDC was tested through reusability test data. Mathematical optimization of the process condition was carried out through Box-Behnken Experimental Design (BBED) in 29 runs with variations in four variables as catalyst concentration (1.5 to 3.5 wt.%), reaction time (60 to 100 min), ethanol/oil molar ratio (EtOH/OMR) of 3 to 7, and reaction temperature (60 to 80 °C). The FAEE quality was ascertained by determining its fuel properties. The data showed that the binary blend ratio of 42:58 of Waste Used oil: Beef Tallow oil (WUO: BTO) was obtained through API gravity ratio formulation. The developed doped catalyst (DDC) produced a high CaO-base of 84.30 (wt.%), with a high total basic site of 210 μmole.g-1 via BET and XRD analysis. The SEM analysis dataset showed non-uniform sizes, highly porous and crystalline sample, while the dataset on FTIR analysis data confirmed the presence of wagging and twisting CO3 2-, the bending vibration of O-Ca-O, the sp2 of C = O, C = C, the sp of C ≡ C and C ≡ N, the bending structure of O-H, and the O=O, N ≡ O of Amines, and Amides. Based on the experiment, the maximum experimental yield of 97.80 (%wt.) at runs 7, and low yield of 89.50 (%wt.) at run 17 was obtained for FAEE. Mathematical optimization in 10 solutions predicted the FAEE yield of 97.7999 (%wt.) at the catalyst concentration of 3.10 (wt.%), the reaction time of 68.09 min, the EtOH/OMR of 3.01, and the reaction temperature of 72.21 °C. This data was validated in replicate, and the average mean value of FAEE was 97.68 (%wt.). Dataset on ANOVA and parametric analysis showed that the variable factors considered were significant at p-value <0.0001, with high R2 of 99.14%, R2-predicted of 98.32%, R2-adjusted of 98.28%, and adequate precision of 51.152, respectively. Catalyst reusability test data showed that the cycle number was stopped at the 5th cycle due to the decrease in catalyst basic strength. The produced FAEE dataset was within the recommended standard, and the data showed the developed doped catalyst successfully converted binary blend oil to FAEE, and the fermentation process increased the CaO-based conversion of DDC.
| S-EPMC7329925 | biostudies-literature
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Project description:Background:Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating antineoplastic agent and its major limitation is injury to normal tissue, leading to multiple organ toxicity, including kidney, heart, liver and reproductive toxicity. Croton macrostachyus (Euphorbiaceae) has been used in Ethiopian traditional medicine to manage renal diseases. Objective:The present study aims to assess the protective effect of the stem bark extract and solvent fractions of Croton macrostachyus on cyclophosphamide-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Methods:Nephrotoxicity was induced using cyclophosphamide 200 mg/kg i.p injection on the first day of the experiment. The negative control groups were administered with cyclophosphamide alone (200 mg/kg, i.p.). The crude extracts were administered at three dose levels (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), while aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions were given at two dose levels (100 and 200 mg/kg). Excepting the normal control, all groups were subjected to cyclophosphamide toxicity on the first day. Results:Treatment with crude extract 100 mg/kg and ethyl acetate fraction significantly decreased kidney-to-body weight ratio (P < 0.001). In addition, treatment with Croton macrostachyus crude extract and solvent fractions significantly decreased serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level (P < 0.001). Treatment with 100 and 200 mg/kg of ethyl acetate fraction significantly decreased serum creatinine level. Histopathological results confirmed the protective effect of the crude extract and solvent fractions of Croton macrostachyus. Conclusion:Croton macrostachyus possesses nephroprotective activities and it could be a possible source of treatment for cyclophosphamide-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Project description:(1) Background: Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a precious and universally studied food matrix. Recently, the quantitative chemical composition was investigated by an innovative processing method for the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments called Multi-Assignment Recovered Analysis (MARA)-NMR. (2) Methods: Any EVOO 13-carbon NMR (13C-NMR) profile displayed inconsistent signals. This mismatch was resolved by comparing NMR data to the official gas-chromatographic flame ionization detection (GC-FID) experiments: the analyses concerned many EVOOs but also the "exotic" Capparis spinosa oil (CSO). (3) Results: NMR and GC-FID evidenced the overwhelming presence of cis-vaccenic esters in the CSO and, more importantly, cis-vaccenic 13C-NMR resonances unequivocally matched the misunderstood 13C-NMR signals of EVOOs. The updated assignment revealed the unexpected relevant presence of cis-vaccenic ester (around 3%) in EVOOs; it was neglected, so far, because routine and official GC-FID profiles did not resolve oleic and cis-vaccenic signals leading to the total quantification of both monounsaturated fatty esters. (4) Conclusions: The rebuilt MARA-NMR and GC-FID interpretations consistently show a meaningful presence of cis-vaccenic esters in EVOOs, whose content could be a discrimination factor featuring specific cultivar or geographical origin. The study paves the way toward new quantification panels and scientific research concerning vegetable oils.
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Project description:Soy sauce by-product oil (SSBO), a by-product of the soy sauce production process, is the lack of utilization due to an abundance of free fatty acid (FFA) and fatty acid ethyl ester (EE). The utilization of low-cost SSBO to produce value-added diacylglycerol (DAG)-enriched oil and its applications are promising for the sustainability of the oil industry. The objective of this study was to utilize SSBO containing a high content of EE and FFA as raw material to synthesize DAG-enriched oil and to evaluate its nutritional properties in fish. Based on different behaviors between the glycerolysis of EE and the esterification of FFA in one-pot enzymatic catalysis, a two-step vacuum-mediated conversion was developed for the maximum conversions of EE and FFA to DAG. After optimization, the maximum DAG yield (66.76%) and EE and FFA conversions (96 and 93%, respectively) were obtained under the following optimized conditions: lipase loading 3%, temperature 38°C, substrate molar ratio (glycerol/FFA and EE) 21:40, a vacuum combination of 566 mmHg within the initial 10 h and 47 mmHg from the 10th to 14th hour. Further nutritional study in fish suggested that the consumption of DAG-enriched oil was safe and served as a functional oil to lower lipid levels in serum and liver, decrease lipid accumulation and increase protein content in body and muscle tissues, and change fatty acid composition in muscle tissues. Overall, these findings were vital for the effective utilization of SSBO resources and the development of future applications for DAG-enriched oil as lipid-lowering functional oil in food.
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Project description:Glycidyl fatty acid esters (GEs), which are the main pollutant in processed oils, are potential mutagens or carcinogens. 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters (3-MCPDEs) are also well-known food processing contaminants. 3-MCPDEs are believed to be a precursor to GEs in foodstuffs. In vivo, lipase breaks down the phosphate ester of GEs and 3-MCPDEs to produce glycidol and 3-MCPD, respectively, which are genotoxic carcinogens. Thus, it is important to determine human exposure to GEs and 3-MCPDEs through foodstuffs. There are only reports on the amount of GE and 3-MCPDE in cooking oils and cooked foods. The content in multiple types of foods that are actually on the market was not clarified. In this study, 48 commercially prepared foods were analyzed to identify other sources of exposure to GE and 3-MCPDE. All of them contained relatively high amounts of GEs and 3-MCPDEs. The correlation between GEs and 3-MCPDEs in individual foods was examined. There was a correlation between the amounts of GEs and 3-MCPDEs in the food products (r = 0.422, p < 0.005). This is the first report on the content in multiple types of commercially prepared foods that are actually on the market was clarified.
| S-EPMC8700650 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs) have gained attention as low-impact solvents, offering low toxicity and versatility in applications ranging from biofuels to chemical feedstocks. This study investigates the swelling behavior of naturally-aged zinc white oil paint fragments when exposed to FAMEs with varying chain lengths. Swelling was monitored using a microscopy-based image analysis technique over a 15 minutes period, demonstrating that FAMEs induce low to moderate swelling in oil paints, consistent with prior findings on solvent-paint interactions. The degree of swelling is influenced by the molecular properties of the solvents, such as polarity, chain length, and rate of diffusion. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of considering the competing processes of swelling and leaching, where solvent penetration can lead to the extraction of low-molecular-weight components from the paint matrix. This research underscores the need for careful solvent selection in conservation practices to minimize the risk of swelling-induced damage and leaching. Further studies are required to fully understand the long-term effects of FAMEs on oil paint stability and integrity.
| S-EPMC11650782 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Objective:To evaluate the antioxidant and cardioprotective activities of stem bark extract and solvent fractions of Croton macrostachyus on cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods. DPPH free radical scavenging assay method was used to determine antioxidant activity whereas Sprague-Dawley rats were used to evaluate the cardioprotective activity. Except for the normal control, all groups were subjected to cyclophosphamide (200?mg/kg, i.p.) toxicity on the first day. Enalapril at 10?mg/kg was used as a reference. The hydromethanolic crude extract (100, 200, and 400?mg/kg) and aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions (100 and 200?mg/kg, each) were administered for 10 days. The cardioprotective activities were evaluated using cardiac biomarkers such as Troponin I, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and histopathological studies of heart tissue. Results:Crude extract and ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions exhibited free radical scavenging activities at IC50 of 594??g/mL, 419??g/mL, and 716??g/mL, respectively. Crude extract at 400?mg/kg decreased the levels of troponin, AST, ALT, and ALP to 0.29?±?0.06?ng/mL, 103.00?±?7.63?U/L, 99.80?±?6.18?U/L, and 108.80?±?8.81?U/L, respectively. In addition, ethyl acetate fraction at 200?mg/kg decreased the levels of troponin, AST, ALT, and ALP to 0.22?±?0.02?ng/mL, 137.00?±?14.30?U/L, 90.33?±?6.13?U/L, and 166.67?±?13.50?U/L, respectively, compared with the cyclophosphamide control group. Conclusions:Croton macrostachyus possesses cardioprotective activities and it could be a possible source of treatment for cardiotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide.
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