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Prevalence of respiratory bacterial pathogens and associated management factors in dairy calves in Taiwan.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence at both farm-level and calf-level and to identify the risk factors of respiratory bacterial pathogens in dairy calves in Taiwan. The status of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was evaluated by using the Wisconsin scoring system from a total of 400 pre-weaned calves from 32 different farms in Taiwan, then the nasopharyngeal swabs were collected. The prevalence of respiratory pathogens was 84.37% at farm-level and 45.50% at calf-level, and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) was the most prevalent pathogen. The presence of Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis), P. multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) and Histophilus somni (H. somni) were all higher in BRD positive calves than BRD negative calves, but only in H. somni was significant (P<0.001). Then nine farm management risk factors were analyzed by using multivariate logistic regression models to determine the risk factors of respiratory bacterial pathogens (farm and calf-level). In the result at farm-level, only unheated colostrum was significantly associated with pathogen positive farms (Odds Ratio (OR)=11.43). At calf-level, the predominant risk factor for each pathogen, M. bovis, P. multocida, M. haemolytica and H. somni, was late first colostrum feeding (OR=272.82), unheated colostrum (OR=3.41), waste milk feeding (OR=6.59) and high pneumonia treatment cost (OR=2.52), respectively. For effective preventive measures, farmer education on milk and colostrum feeding are urgently warranted.

SUBMITTER: Lee HH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9353091 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Prevalence of respiratory bacterial pathogens and associated management factors in dairy calves in Taiwan.

Lee Hsu-Hsun HH Thongrueang Natcha N Liu Shyh-Shyan SS Hsu Huan-Yu HY Tsai Yi-Lun YL

The Journal of veterinary medical science 20220608 7

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence at both farm-level and calf-level and to identify the risk factors of respiratory bacterial pathogens in dairy calves in Taiwan. The status of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was evaluated by using the Wisconsin scoring system from a total of 400 pre-weaned calves from 32 different farms in Taiwan, then the nasopharyngeal swabs were collected. The prevalence of respiratory pathogens was 84.37% at farm-level and 45.50% at calf-level, and Pasteurella ...[more]

PMID: 35675980

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Project description:The objective of this study was to evaluate morbidity and mortality in preweaned dairy heifer calves based on different health, feeding, and management practices, as well as environmental factors. This study was conducted as part of the calf component of the National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2014 study, which included 104 dairy operations in 13 states. The calf component was an 18-mo longitudinal study focused on dairy heifer calves from birth to weaning; data were collected on 2,545 calves. The percentage morbidity for all calves enrolled in the study was 33.9%. Backward elimination model selection was used after univariate screening to determine which management practices and environmental factors significantly affected morbidity and mortality. The final morbidity model included birth weight, serum IgG concentration, ventilation type, and average temperature-humidity index (THI) during the preweaning period. After controlling for other independent variables in the model, calves born at a higher birth weight had a lower predicted risk of morbidity than calves with a lower birth weight. An increase in serum IgG concentration was associated with decreased morbidity. Calves housed in positive- or cross-ventilated systems had a 2.2 times higher odds of developing disease compared with calves housed in natural ventilation systems. Average THI during the preweaning period was inversely correlated with morbidity; as THI increased, the predicted morbidity risk decreased. The percent mortality for all calves enrolled in the study was 5.0%. The final mortality model included birth weight, serum IgG concentration, amount of fat/day in the liquid diet, and morbidity. After controlling for other independent variables in the model, calves born at a higher birth weight had a lower risk of mortality. An increase in serum IgG concentration decreased the risk of mortality. The odds of mortality were 3.1 times higher in calves fed ≤0.15 kg of fat/d in the liquid diet compared with calves fed ≥0.22 kg of fat/d. The odds of mortality were 4.7 times higher in calves that experienced any disease throughout the preweaning period than in calves with no disease. In summary, morbidity and mortality were both associated with birth weight and serum IgG concentration. Additionally, morbidity was associated with ventilation type and average monthly THI, and mortality was associated with amount of fat per day in the liquid diet and morbidity.

Project description:Six Lactobacillus strains originating from the nasopharyngeal microbiota of cattle were previously characterized in vitro and identified as candidate bacterial therapeutics (BTs) for mitigating the bovine respiratory pathogen Mannheimia haemolytica In the present study, these BT strains were evaluated for their potential to (i) reduce nasal colonization by M. haemolytica, (ii) modulate the nasal microbiota, and (iii) stimulate an immune response in calves experimentally challenged with M. haemolytica. Twenty-four Holstein bull calves (1 to 3 weeks old) received either an intranasal BT cocktail containing 6 Lactobacillus strains (3?×?109 CFU per strain; BT + Mh group) 24?h prior to intranasal M. haemolytica challenge (3?×?108 CFU) or no BTs prior to challenge (Mh, control group). Nasal swab, blood, and transtracheal aspiration samples were collected over the course of 16?days after BT inoculation. Counts of M. haemolytica were determined by culturing, and the nasal and tracheal microbiotas were evaluated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Serum cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-8, and IL-10) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Administration of BT reduced nasal colonization by M. haemolytica (P?=?0.02), modified the composition and diversity of the nasal microbiota, and altered interbacterial relationships among the 10 most relatively abundant genera. The BT + Mh calves also had a lower relative abundance of Mannheimia in the trachea (P?<?0.01) but similar cytokine levels as Mh calves. This study demonstrated that intranasal BTs developed from the bovine nasopharyngeal Lactobacillus spp. were effective in reducing nasal colonization by M. haemolytica in dairy calves.IMPORTANCE Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the significant challenges for the modern dairy industry in North America, accounting for 23 to 47% of the total mortality among pre- and postweaned dairy heifers. Mass medication with antibiotics is a common practice to control BRD in dairy cattle. However, the emergence of multidrug-resistant BRD pathogens highlights the importance of developing alternatives to antibiotics for BRD mitigation. Using a targeted approach, we recently identified 6 Lactobacillus strains originating from the bovine respiratory microbiota as candidates to be used as bacterial therapeutics (BTs) for the mitigation of the BRD pathogen Mannheimia haemolytica Here, we demonstrated that intranasal inoculation of the BT strains reduced nasal colonization by M. haemolytica in dairy calves experimentally challenged with this pathogen. This study, for the first time, shows the potential use of intranasal BTs as an alternative to mitigate BRD pathogens in cattle.

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Project description:The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine how management practices on California dairies may be associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in preweaned calves. A convenience sample of 100 dairies throughout California, providing a study population of 4,636 calves, were visited between May 2014 and April 2016. During each farm visit, in-person interviews with the herd manager or calf caretaker were conducted to collect information about herd demographics, maternity pen, colostrum and calf management, herd vaccinations, and dust abatement. A random sample of preweaned calves was identified and evaluated for the presence of BRD using a standardized tool. A survey-adjusted generalized linear mixed model with a logit link function was fitted with calf as the unit of analysis and dairy as the random effect. Mean study herd size (±SE) was 1,718 (±189.9) cows. Survey-adjusted estimates of breed types in the sample were 81.6% (±0.6) Holstein, 13.1% (±0.4) Jersey, and 5.3% (±0.5) crossbred or other purebred breeds, and calf sex proportions were 73.8% (±1.0) female and 26.2% (±1.0) male. Overall survey-adjusted BRD prevalence in the study herds was 6.91% (±0.69). Housing factors positively associated with BRD were metal hutches compared with wood hutches [odds ratio (OR) = 11.19; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.80-44.78], calf-to-calf contact in calves >75 d of age (OR = 9.95, 95% CI = 1.50-65.86), feeding Holstein calves <2.84 L of milk or replacer per day (OR = 7.16, 95% CI = 1.23-41.68), and lagoon water used for flushing manure under hutches compared with no flush (OR = 12.06, 95% CI = 1.93-75.47). Providing extra shade over hutches (OR = 0.08; 95% CI = 0.02-0.37), feeding calves at least 90% saleable milk (OR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.13-0.54) or pasteurized milk (OR = 0.10; 95% CI = 0.03-0.36), and feeding >5.68 L of milk or replacer per day to Jersey calves (OR = 0.04; 95% CI = 0.01-0.28) were negatively associated with BRD. Our study identified management practices on California dairies with variability and that may contribute to differences in BRD prevalence, which will be incorporated into a risk-assessment tool to control and prevent BRD in preweaned dairy calves.

Project description:Here, we investigated the prevalence and risk factors for the presence of Histophilus somni, Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma bovis, and Pasteurella multocida in the respiratory tract of calves from the spring processing to the reprocessing at feedlots. Additionally, we characterized, phenotypically and genotypically, the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of the four species. Calves from 22 cow-calf operations were enrolled in the study (n = 30 calves per operation) and sampled by deep nasopharyngeal swabs at three time points: spring processing, weaning, or induction into feedlots, and at reprocessing at the feedlot. Isolates were tested for susceptibility using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test against commonly administered antimicrobials. Additionally, a subset of isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing to infer presence of AMR genes and resistance determinants. Among studied pathogens, P. multocida was the most prevalent species, regardless of time point, followed by M. haemolytica, M. bovis, and H. somni. For M. bovis, a sharp increase in prevalence was detected at the reprocessing sampling, whereas for P. multocida, an increase in prevalence was observed at the weaning/induction sampling. Comingling and co-location of feedlots were not associated with prevalence of any respiratory pathogen. In terms of AMR, resistance against macrolides was prevalent in M. bovis, with most isolates resistant against tildipirosin, tilmicosin, and tylosin. In general, there was limited evidence to support an increase in resistance rates of respiratory bacteria from the spring processing to reprocessing at feedlots, with the exception of florfenicol resistance in M. bovis, which increased at reprocessing. Metaphylactic administration of tetracyclines at feedlot induction was not associated with the MIC of tetracyclines in any respiratory bacteria. Conversely, there were clear associations between the parenteral use of macrolides as metaphylaxis at the feedlot induction, and increased MIC against macrolides in P. multocida, M. haemolytica, and H. somni. Overall, the AMR phenotypes were corroborated by presence of AMR genes. We hypothesize that the administration of macrolides such as tulathromycin at feedlot induction contributes to historical changes in macrolides MIC data of respiratory bacteria of beef cattle.

Dataset Information

Prevalence of respiratory bacterial pathogens and associated management factors in dairy calves in Taiwan.

Publications

Prevalence of respiratory bacterial pathogens and associated management factors in dairy calves in Taiwan.

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