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Impacts of the COVID-19 on all aircraft emissions of international routes in South America.

ABSTRACT: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on South America's economic development, as well as its international civil aviation industry. This paper seeks to calculate the emissions of six pollutions (CO₂, CO, HC, NOx, SO₂, and PM2.5) from the international routes in South America during 2019-2021 and discusses the impacts of COVID-19 on the emission change. The modified BFFM2-FOA-FPM method is proposed to unify the CO₂ and non-CO₂ calculations. The calculated results' average error rate is about 5.12%. The results showed that COVID-19 affected all emissions, including the number of routes, average flight distance, aircraft configuration, the proportion of CCD phase emissions, average emissions, etc. In addition, some airlines increased the number of flights and aircraft types during the pandemic, increasing emissions. The results give a reasonable data basis for the aviation industry in South America to formulate emission reduction policies.

SUBMITTER: Cui Q

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9356760 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Impacts of the COVID-19 on all aircraft emissions of international routes in South America.

Cui Qiang Q Lei Yilin Y Li Ye Y Wanke Peter F PF

iScience 20220806 9

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on South America's economic development, as well as its international civil aviation industry. This paper seeks to calculate the emissions of six pollutions (CO2, CO, HC, NOx, SO2, and PM2.5) from the international routes in South America during 2019-2021 and discusses the impacts of COVID-19 on the emission change. The modified BFFM2-FOA-FPM method is proposed to unify the CO2 and non-CO2 calculations ...[more]

PMID: 35959473

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Project description:BackgroundUnderstanding mortality among travellers is essential for mitigating risks and enhancing travel safety. However, limited evidence exists on severe illnesses and injuries leading to death among travellers, particularly in low- and middle-income countries and remote regions.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective census study using country-level observational data from death certificates of travellers of seven South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Uruguay) from 2017 to 2021. Causes of death were evaluated using ICD-10 codes, categorized into non-communicable diseases (NCDs), communicable diseases and injuries. We quantified causes of death by demographic characteristics (e.g. age, sex) and geographical variables. Chi-square tests were used to assess differences between categories. We calculated crude mortality rates and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) per country's subregions.ResultsA total of 17 245 deaths were reported. NCDs (55%) were the most common cause of death, followed by communicable diseases (23.4%) and injuries (18.1%). NCD-associated deaths increased after age 55 years and were highest among ≥85 years. Communicable diseases were more common at younger age (<20 years). Injury-associated deaths were more common in men (79.9%) and 25-29-year-olds (17.1%). Most deaths (68.2%) could have been avoided by prevention or treatment. Mortality risk was higher among travellers in bordering regions between countries. In Roraima (Brazil) and Norte de Santander (Colombia), locations bordering Venezuela, the death IRR was 863 and 60, respectively. These countries' reference mortality rates in those regions were much lower. More than 80% of the deaths in these border regions of Brazil and Colombia involved Venezuelan citizens.ConclusionThe study identified risk factors and high-risk locations for deaths among travellers in seven countries of South America. Our findings underscore the need for specific health interventions tailored to traveller demographics and destination to optimize prevention of avoidable deaths in South America.

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Impacts of the COVID-19 on all aircraft emissions of international routes in South America.

Publications

Impacts of the COVID-19 on all aircraft emissions of international routes in South America.

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