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The Disciplining Effect of Mass Incarceration on Labor Organization.

ABSTRACT: Previous research has described the criminal justice system as a "labor market institution." In recent years, however, research on the relationship between the criminal justice system and the labor market has focused primarily on the negative impact of criminal justice involvement on an individual's ability to find work post-release. This article explores how workers' exposure to the criminal justice system is related to labor organization-a labor market institution through which workers in the United States have secured benefits for themselves and which, structurally, has mitigated income inequality. Across four analyses, we find a negative relationship between exposure to the criminal justice system and involvement in labor organizations; and we present evidence that this relationship results from employers' increased power over those so exposed. Mass incarceration may discipline low-wage workers by decreasing their likelihood of participating in organizations through which they might gain economic power individually and collectively.

SUBMITTER: Reich A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9387667 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The Disciplining Effect of Mass Incarceration on Labor Organization.

Reich Adam A Prins Seth J SJ

AJS; American journal of sociology 20200301 5

Previous research has described the criminal justice system as a "labor market institution." In recent years, however, research on the relationship between the criminal justice system and the labor market has focused primarily on the negative impact of criminal justice involvement on an individual's ability to find work post-release. This article explores how workers' exposure to the criminal justice system is related to labor organization-a labor market institution through which workers in the ...[more]

PMID: 35991160

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Project description:ImportanceRacial and ethnic inequities in the criminal-legal system are an important manifestation of structural racism. However, how these inequities may influence the risk of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) and its persistent racial and ethnic disparities remains underinvestigated.ObjectiveTo examine the association between county-level inequity in jail incarceration rates comparing Black and White individuals and SMM risk in California.Design, setting, and participantsThis population-based cross-sectional study used state-wide data from California on all live hospital births at 20 weeks of gestation or later from January 1, 1997, to December 31, 2018. Data were obtained from hospital discharge and vital statistics records, which were linked with publicly available county-level data. Data analysis was performed from January 2022 to February 2023.ExposureJail incarceration inequity was determined from the ratio of jail incarceration rates of Black individuals to those of White individuals and was categorized as tertile 1 (low), tertile 2 (moderate), tertile 3 (high), with mean cutoffs across all years of 0 to 2.99, 3.00 to 5.22, and greater than 5.22, respectively.Main outcome and measuresThis study used race- and ethnicity-stratified mixed-effects logistic regression models with birthing people nested within counties and adjusted for individual- and county-level characteristics to estimate the odds of non-blood transfusion SMM (NT SMM) and SMM including blood transfusion-only cases (SMM; as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SMM index) associated with tertiles of incarceration inequity.ResultsThis study included 10 200 692 births (0.4% American Indian or Alaska Native, 13.4% Asian or Pacific Islander, 5.8% Black, 50.8% Hispanic or Latinx, 29.6% White, and 0.1% multiracial or other [individuals who self-identified with ≥2 racial groups and those who self-identified as "other" race or ethnicity]). In fully adjusted models, residing in counties with high jail incarceration inequity (tertile 3) was associated with higher odds of SMM for Black (odds ratio [OR], 1.14; 95% CI, 1.01-1.29 for NT SMM; OR, 1.20, 95% CI, 1.01-1.42 for SMM), Hispanic or Latinx (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.14-1.34 for NT SMM; OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.14-1.27 for SMM), and White (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.93-1.12 for NT SMM; OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.02-1.17 for SMM) birthing people, compared with residing in counties with low inequity (tertile 1).Conclusions and relevanceThe findings of this study highlight the adverse maternal health consequences of structural racism manifesting via the criminal-legal system and underscore the need for community-based alternatives to inequitable punitive practices.

Project description:IntroductionObstetrics research has predominantly focused on the management and identification of factors associated with labor dystocia. Despite these efforts, clinicians currently lack the necessary tools to effectively predict a woman's risk of experiencing labor dystocia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to create a predictive model for labor dystocia.Material and methodsThe study population included nulliparous women with a single baby in the cephalic presentation in spontaneous labor at term. With a cohort-based registry design utilizing data from the Copenhagen Pregnancy Cohort and the Danish Medical Birth Registry, we included women who had given birth from 2014 to 2020 at Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Denmark. Logistic regression analysis, augmented by a super learner algorithm, was employed to construct the prediction model with candidate predictors pre-selected based on clinical reasoning and existing evidence. These predictors included maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, height, gestational age, physical activity, self-reported medical condition, WHO-5 score, and fertility treatment. Model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) for discriminative capacity and Brier score for model calibration.ResultsA total of 12,445 women involving 5,525 events of labor dystocia (44%) were included. All candidate predictors were retained in the final model, which demonstrated discriminative ability with an AUC of 62.3% (95% CI:60.7-64.0) and Brier score of 0.24.ConclusionsOur model represents an initial advancement in the prediction of labor dystocia utilizing readily available information obtainable upon admission in active labor. As a next step further model development and external testing across other populations is warranted. With time a well-performing model may be a step towards facilitating risk stratification and the development of a user-friendly online tool for clinicians.

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The Disciplining Effect of Mass Incarceration on Labor Organization.

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The Disciplining Effect of Mass Incarceration on Labor Organization.

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