Dataset Information

Analysis of Amino Acids in the Roots of Tamarix ramosissima by Application of Exogenous Potassium (K⁺) under NaCl Stress.

ABSTRACT: Soil salinization is one of the main environmental factors affecting plant growth worldwide. Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. (T. ramosissima) is a halophyte representative that is widely grown in salinized soils. As an important nutrient element for plant growth, K⁺ plays an important role in improving the tolerance to salt stress, but the mechanism of reducing the damage caused by NaCl stress to T. ramosissima is less reported. Our results show that the proline content and the Log₂ fold-change of proline's relative quantification in the roots of T. ramosissima increased over time with the application of exogenous potassium (K⁺) for 48 h and 168 h under NaCl stress. Moreover, 13 amino-acid-related metabolic pathways were involved in the resistance of T. ramosissima to salt stress. Mainly, the aldehyde dehydrogenase family genes and tryptophan-synthase-related genes were found at 48 h and 168 h with exogenous potassium applied to the roots of T. ramosissima under NaCl stress, and they regulated their related metabolic accumulation in the arginine and proline metabolism pathways, increasing the effectiveness of inducing NaCl tolerance of T. ramosissima. It is noteworthy that alpha-ketobutyric was produced in the roots of T. ramosissima under NaCl stress for 48 h with the application of exogenous potassium, which is one of the most effective mechanisms for inducing salt tolerance in plants. Meanwhile, we found three DEGs regulating alpha-ketobutyric acid. This study provides a scientific theoretical basis for further understanding the molecular mechanism of K⁺ alleviating the salinity damage to T. ramosissima caused by NaCl.

SUBMITTER: Chen Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9409283 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Analysis of Amino Acids in the Roots of Tamarix ramosissima by Application of Exogenous Potassium (K+) under NaCl Stress.

Chen Yahui Y Zhang Shiyang S Du Shanfeng S Zhang Xiaomian X Jiang Jiang J Wang Guangyu G

International journal of molecular sciences 20220819 16

Soil salinization is one of the main environmental factors affecting plant growth worldwide. Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. (T. ramosissima) is a halophyte representative that is widely grown in salinized soils. As an important nutrient element for plant growth, K+ plays an important role in improving the tolerance to salt stress, but the mechanism of reducing the damage caused by NaCl stress to T. ramosissima is less reported. Our results show that the proline conten ...[more]

PMID: 36012595

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Project description:Abiotic stresses such as salt stress seriously affect the growth and yield of plants. Tamarix ramosissima Lcdcb (T. ramosissima) is a widely cultivated halophyte in saline-alkali areas of the world. As an essential element for plant growth and development, K+ plays an irreplaceable role in improving the tolerance of plants to salt stress. However, there are few reports on the mechanism of K+ in promoting plant hormones to reduce the damage of NaCl stress to T. ramosissima. In this study, we sequenced the transcriptome of the roots of T. ramosissima which were treated with exogenous potassium (K+) for 0 h, 48 h and 168 h under NaCl stress, according to the changes in the expression levels of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in T. ramosissima roots. Key candidate genes and metabolic pathways related to plant hormones were mined for analysis and further verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that under NaCl stress for 48 h and 168 h, there were a large number of DEGs in the roots of T. ramosissima, and the expression levels changed over time. In particular, we found that 56 plant hormone-related genes were annotated to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, and with the increase of time, their expression levels were mainly up-regulated and involved in the related metabolic pathways to resist NaCl stress. It is worth noting that 7 DEGs related to abscisic acid (ABA), 28 DEGs related to auxin, 1 DEG related to ethylene (ET), and 1 DEG related to cytokinin (CK) were added within 168 h of exogenous potassium, and they were involved in alleviating the root damage of T. ramosissima under NaCl stress and played an important role. In addition, we found the plant hormone signal transduction pathway, which plays an important role in resistance to NaCl stress. As a result of this study, the molecular mechanism of plant hormones involved in applying exogenous potassium under NaCl stress is further understood, resulting in a better understanding of how exogenous potassium can alleviate the damage caused by NaCl under stress in T. ramosissima.

Project description:IntroductionSalinization affects more than 25% of the world's arable land, and Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb (T. ramosissima), the representative of Tamarix plants, is widely grown in salinized soil. In contrast, less is known about the mechanism of potassium's antioxidative enzyme activity in preventing NaCl stress damage to plants.MethodThis study examined changes in root growth for T. ramosissima at 0h, 48h, and 168h, performed antioxidant enzyme activity assays, transcriptome sequencing, and non-targeted metabolite analysis to understand changes in their roots as well as changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential metabolites associated with antioxidant enzyme activities.ResultAs the time increased, the results showed that compared with the 200 Mm NaCl group, the root growth of the 200 mM NaCl + 10 mM KCl group increased, the activities of SOD, POD and CAT increased the most, but the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) increased less. Meanwhile, 58 DEGs related to SOD, POD and CAT activities were changed during the application of exogenous K+ for 48h and 168h in T. ramosissima. Based on association analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic data, we found coniferyl alcohol, which can act as a substrate to label catalytic POD. It is worth noting that Unigene0013825 and Unigene0014843, as POD-related genes, have positively regulated the downstream of coniferyl alcohol, and they have a significant correlation with coniferyl alcohol.DiscussionIn summary, 48h and 168h of exogenous K+ applied to the roots of T. ramosissima under NaCl stress can resist NaCl stress by scavenging the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by high salt stress by enhancing the mechanism of antioxidant enzyme activity, relieving NaCl toxicity and maintaining growth. This study provides genetic resources and a scientific theoretical basis for further breeding of salt-tolerant Tamarix plants and the molecular mechanism of K+ alleviating NaCl toxicity.

Project description:Introduction: Soil salinization poses a significant challenge to plant growth and vitality. Plants like Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb (T. ramosissima), which are halophytes, are often integrated into planting schemes tailored for saline environments. Yet, the role of WRKY transcription factors in T. ramosissima, especially under sodium chloride (NaCl) stress mitigated by exogenous K+ application, is not well-understood. This research endeavors to bridge this knowledge gap. Methods: Using Pfam protein domain prediction and physicochemical property analysis, we delved into the WRKY genes in T. ramosissima roots that are implicated in counteracting NaCl stress when aided by exogenous K+ applications. By observing shifts in the expression levels of WRKY genes annotated to the KEGG pathway under NaCl stress at 0, 48, and 168 h, we aimed to identify potential key WRKY genes. Results: We found that the expression of 56 WRKY genes in T. ramosissima roots responded to exogenous K+ application during NaCl stress at the indicated time points. Particularly, the expression levels of these genes were primarily upregulated within 168 h. From these, 10 WRKY genes were found to be relevant in the KEGG pathways. Moreover, six genes, namely Unigene0024962, Unigene0024963, Unigene0010090, Unigene0007135, Unigene0070215, and Unigene0077293, were annotated to the Plant-pathogen interaction pathway or the MAPK signaling pathway in plants. These genes exhibited dynamic expression regulation at 48 h with the application of exogenous K+ under NaCl stress. Discussion: Our research highlights that WRKY transcription factors can modulate the activation or inhibition of related genes during NaCl stress with the application of exogenous K+. This regulation enhances the plant's adaptability to saline environments and mitigates the damage induced by NaCl. These findings provide valuable gene resources for future salt-tolerant Tamarix breeding and expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of WRKY transcription factors in alleviating NaCl toxicity.

Project description:Potassium ion (K+) channels and transporters are key components of plant K+ absorption and transportation and play an important role in plant growth and development. This study revealed that K+ channels and transporters are involved in the salt tolerance molecular mechanism and metabolites of the halophyte representative plant Tamarix ramosissima (T. ramosissima) in response to NaCl stress, providing a theoretical basis for the mitigation of salt stress using halophytes. Through transcriptome sequencing and metabolite detection analysis of 0 h, 48 h and 168 h by applying exogenous K+ to the roots of T. ramosissima under NaCl stress, 15 high-quality Clean Data bases were obtained, Q20 reached more than 97%, Q30 reached more than 92%, and GC content reached 44.5%, which is in line with further bioinformatics analysis. Based on the Liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, the roots of T. ramosissima were exposed to exogenous potassium for 48 h and 168 h under NaCl stress, and 1510 and 1124 metabolites were identified in positive and negative ion mode, respectively. Through orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model analysis, its metabolomic data have excellent predictability and stability. The results of this study showed that there were 37 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) annotated as Class 2 K+ channels (Shaker-like K+ channel and TPK channel) and Class 3 K+ transporters (HAK/KUP/KT, HKT and CPAs transporter families). Among them, 29 DEGs were annotated to the gene ontology (GO) database, and the most genes were involved in the GO Biological Process. In addition, the expression levels of Unigene0014342 in the HAK/KUP/KT transporter and Unigene0088276 and Unigene0103067 in the CPAs transporter both first decreased and then increased when treated with 200 mM NaCl for 48 h and 168 h. However, when treated with 200 mM NaCl + 10 mM KCl for 48 h and 168 h, a continuous upward trend was shown. Notably, the expression level of Unigene0016813 in CPAS transporter continued to increase when treated with 200 mM NaCl and 200 mM NaCl + 10 mM KCl for 48 h and 168 h. 3 DEGs, Unigene0088276, Unigene0016813 and Unigene0103067, were dominated by the positive regulation of their related metabolites, and this correlation was significant. The results showed that these DEGs increased the absorption of K+ and the ratio of K+/Na+ under NaCl stress at 48 h and 168 h after adding exogenous potassium and enhanced the salt tolerance of T. ramosissima. Notably, the expression level of Unigene0103067 in the CPAs transporter was consistently upregulated when 200 mM NaCl + 10 mM KCl was treated for 48 h and 168 h. The positive regulatory metabolites were always dominant, which better helped T. ramosissima resist salt stress. Unigene0103067 plays an important role in enhancing the salt tolerance of T. ramosissima and reducing the toxicity of NaCl in roots. Additionally, phylogenetic tree analysis showed that Unigene0103067 and Reaumuria trigyna had the closest genetic distance in the evolutionary relationship. Finally, 9 DEGs were randomly selected for quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) verification. Their expression trends were completely consistent with the transcriptome sequencing analysis results, proving that this study’s data are accurate and reliable. This study provides resources for revealing the molecular mechanism of NaCl stress tolerance in T. ramosissima and lays a theoretical foundation for cultivating new salt-tolerant varieties.

Project description:There is a serious problem with soil salinization that affects the growth and development of plants. Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb (T. ramosissima), as a halophyte, is widely used for afforestation in salinized soils. At present, there are few reports on the antioxidant mechanism of T. ramosissima under NaCl stress. In this study, we learned about the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content changes in T. ramosissima. We also mined the relevant metabolic pathways in the antioxidant mechanism, candidate key genes, and their related differential metabolites and verified them using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results show that the SOD, POD, and CAT activities, and the H2O2 and MDA content reached the highest values in the roots of T. ramosissima. Simultaneously, 92 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to antioxidant enzyme activities changed during 48 and 168 h of NaCl stress, and these DEGs were mainly upregulated in 168 h. Based on the association analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic data, we found Unigene0089358 and Unigene0007782 as genes related to key enzymes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. They were located in the upstream positive regulation at 48 and 168 h under NaCl stress, and their respective related metabolites (phloretin and pinocembrin) were involved in resistance to NaCl stress, and they were significantly correlated with their respective metabolites. In conclusion, at 48 and 168 h under NaCl stress, the roots of T. ramosissima resist NaCl stress by enhancing enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant mechanisms, scavenging ROS generated by high-salt stress, alleviating NaCl toxicity, and maintaining the growth of T. ramosissima. This study provides genetic resources and a scientific theoretical basis for further breeding of salt-tolerant Tamarix plants and the molecular mechanism of antioxidants to alleviate NaCl toxicity.

Dataset Information

Analysis of Amino Acids in the Roots of Tamarix ramosissima by Application of Exogenous Potassium (K⁺) under NaCl Stress.

Publications

Analysis of Amino Acids in the Roots of <i>Tamarix ramosissima</i> by Application of Exogenous Potassium (K<sup>+</sup>) under NaCl Stress.

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