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Recent trends in gas sensing via carbon nanomaterials: outlook and challenges.

ABSTRACT: The presence of harmful and poisonous gases in the environment can have dangerous effects on human health, and therefore portable, flexible, and highly sensitive gas sensors are in high demand for environmental monitoring, pollution control, and medical diagnosis. Currently, the commercialized sensors are based on metal oxides, which generally operate at high temperatures. Additionally, the desorption of chemisorbed gas molecules is also challenging. Hence, due to the large surface area, high flexibility, and good electrical properties of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) such as carbon nanotubes, graphene and their derivatives (graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene quantum dots), they are considered to be the most promising chemiresistive sensing materials, where their electrical resistance is affected by their interaction with the analyte. Further, to increase their selectivity, nanocomposites of CNMs with metal oxides, metallic nanoparticles, chalcogenides, and polymers have been studied, which exhibit better sensing capabilities even at room temperature. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art progress in research related to CNMs-based sensors. Moreover, to better understand the analyte adsorption on the surface of CNMs, various sensing mechanisms and dependent sensing parameters are discussed. Further, several existing challenges related to CNMs-based gas sensors are elucidated herein, which can pave the way for future research in this area.

SUBMITTER: Dariyal P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9417529 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Recent trends in gas sensing <i>via</i> carbon nanomaterials: outlook and challenges.

Dariyal Pallvi P Sharma Sushant S Chauhan Gaurav Singh GS Singh Bhanu Pratap BP Dhakate Sanjay R SR

Nanoscale advances 20211028 23

The presence of harmful and poisonous gases in the environment can have dangerous effects on human health, and therefore portable, flexible, and highly sensitive gas sensors are in high demand for environmental monitoring, pollution control, and medical diagnosis. Currently, the commercialized sensors are based on metal oxides, which generally operate at high temperatures. Additionally, the desorption of chemisorbed gas molecules is also challenging. Hence, due to the large surface area, high fl ...[more]

PMID: 36132656

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Project description:Mycotoxins (MYTs), a class of low molecular weight secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi in food and feed, pose serious global threat to both human health and world economy. Due to their mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic and immunosuppressive effects, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified various MYTs under Group 1 to 3 category with aflatoxins being designated under Group 1 category (carcinogenic to humans). Also, the presence of MYTs in trace amounts in diverse food matrices necessitates exploration of highly sensitive methods for onsite analysis. Although conventional chromatographic methods are highly sensitive, they are expensive, tedious and cannot be applied for rapid onsite analysis. In recent years the application of nanomaterials especially carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) in the fabrication of low-cost and miniaturized electrochemical and optical sensors has enabled rapid onsite analysis of MYTs with high sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, the CNMs are employed as effective solid phase extraction (SPE) adsorbents possessing high specific surface area for effective enrichment of MYTs to improve the sensitivity of chromatographic methods for MYT analysis in food. This article aims to overview the recent trends in the application of CNMs as SPE adsorbents for sample pretreatment in chromatographic methods as well as in the fabrication of highly sensitive electrochemical and optical sensors for rapid analysis of MYTs in food. Initially, the efficiency of various functionalized CNMs developed recently as adsorbent in packed SPE cartridges and dispersive SPE adsorbent/purification powder is discussed. Then, their application in the development of various electrochemical immunosensors involving functionalized carbon nanotubes/nanofibers, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and graphene quantum dots is summarized. In addition, the recent trends in the use of CNMs for fabrication of electrochemical and fluorescence aptasensors as well as some other colorimetry, fluorometry, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical based sensors are compared and tabulated. Collectively, this review article can provide a research update on analysis of MYTs by carbon-based nanomaterials paving a way for identifying future perspectives.

Project description:We present research progress made in developing copper/carbon nanotube composites (Cu/CNT) to fulfil a growing demand for lighter copper substitutes with superior electrical, thermal and mechanical performances. Lighter alternatives to heavy copper electrical and data wiring are needed in automobiles and aircrafts to enhance fuel efficiencies. In electronics, better interconnects and thermal management components than copper with higher current- and heat-stabilities are required to enable device miniaturization with increased functionality. Our literature survey encouragingly indicates that Cu/CNT performances (electrical, thermal and mechanical) reported so far rival that of Cu, proving the material's viability as a Cu alternative. We identify two grand challenges to be solved for Cu/CNT to replace copper in real-life applications. The first grand challenge is to fabricate Cu/CNT with overall performances exceeding that of copper. To address this challenge, we propose research directions to fabricate Cu/CNT closer to ideal composites theoretically predicted to surpass Cu performances (i.e. those containing uniformly distributed Cu and individually aligned CNTs with beneficial CNT-Cu interactions). The second grand challenge is to industrialize and transfer Cu/CNT from lab bench to real-life use. Toward this, we identify and propose strategies to address market-dependent issues for niche/mainstream applications. The current best Cu/CNT performances already qualify for application in niche electronic device markets as high-end interconnects. However, mainstream Cu/CNT application as copper replacements in conventional electronics and in electrical/data wires are long-term goals, needing inexpensive mass-production by methods aligned with existing industrial practices. Mainstream electronics require cheap CNT template-making and electrodeposition procedures, while data/electrical cables require manufacture protocols based on co-electrodeposition or melt-processing. We note (with examples) that initiatives devoted to Cu/CNT manufacturing for both types of mainstream applications are underway. With sustained research on Cu/CNT and accelerating its real-life application, we expect the successful evolution of highly functional, efficient, and sustainable next-generation electrical and electronics systems.

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Recent trends in gas sensing via carbon nanomaterials: outlook and challenges.

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Recent trends in gas sensing <i>via</i> carbon nanomaterials: outlook and challenges.

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