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Alum-anchored intratumoral retention improves the tolerability and antitumor efficacy of type I interferon therapies.

ABSTRACT: Effective antitumor immunity in mice requires activation of the type I interferon (IFN) response pathway. IFNα and IFNβ therapies have proven promising in humans, but suffer from limited efficacy and high toxicity. Intratumoral IFN retention ameliorates systemic toxicity, but given the complexity of IFN signaling, it was unclear whether long-term intratumoral retention of type I IFNs would promote or inhibit antitumor responses. To this end, we compared the efficacy of IFNα and IFNβ that exhibit either brief or sustained retention after intratumoral injection in syngeneic mouse tumor models. Significant enhancement in tumor retention, mediated by anchoring these IFNs to coinjected aluminum-hydroxide (alum) particles, greatly improved both their tolerability and efficacy. The improved efficacy of alum-anchored IFNs could be attributed to sustained pleiotropic effects on tumor cells, immune cells, and nonhematopoietic cells. Alum-anchored IFNs achieved high cure rates of B16F10 tumors upon combination with either anti-PD-1 antibody or interleukin-2. Interestingly however, these alternative combination immunotherapies yielded disparate T cell phenotypes and differential resistance to tumor rechallenge, highlighting important distinctions in adaptive memory formation for combinations of type I IFNs with other immunotherapies.

SUBMITTER: Lutz EA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9457244 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Alum-anchored intratumoral retention improves the tolerability and antitumor efficacy of type I interferon therapies.

Lutz Emi A EA Agarwal Yash Y Momin Noor N Cowles Sarah C SC Palmeri Joseph R JR Duong Ellen E Hornet Vladlena V Sheen Allison A Lax Brianna M BM Rothschilds Adrienne M AM Irvine Darrell J DJ Spranger Stefani S Wittrup K Dane KD

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20220829 36

Effective antitumor immunity in mice requires activation of the type I interferon (IFN) response pathway. IFNα and IFNβ therapies have proven promising in humans, but suffer from limited efficacy and high toxicity. Intratumoral IFN retention ameliorates systemic toxicity, but given the complexity of IFN signaling, it was unclear whether long-term intratumoral retention of type I IFNs would promote or inhibit antitumor responses. To this end, we compared the efficacy of IFNα and IFNβ that exhibit ...[more]

PMID: 36037341

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Project description:Tumor-targeting antibody (Ab)-fused cytokines, referred to as immunocytokines, are designed to increase antitumor efficacy and reduce toxicity through the tumor-directed delivery of cytokines. However, the poor localization and intratumoral penetration of immunocytokines, especially in solid tumors, pose a challenge to effectively stimulate antitumor immune cells to kill tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment. Here, we investigated the influence of the tumor antigen-binding kinetics of a murine interleukin 12 (mIL12)-based immunocytokine on tumor localization and diffusive intratumoral penetration, and hence the consequent antitumor activity, by activating effector T cells in immunocompetent mice bearing syngeneic colon tumors. Based on tumor-associated antigen HER2-specific Ab Herceptin (HCT)-fused mIL12 carrying one molecule of mIL12 (HCT-mono-mIL12 immunocytokine), we generated a panel of HCT-mono-mIL12 variants with different affinities (K D) mainly varying in their dissociation rates (k off) for HER2. Systemic administration of HCT-mono-mIL12 required an anti-HER2 affinity above a threshold (K D = 130 nM) for selective localization and antitumor activity to HER2-expressing tumors versus HER2-negative tumors. However, the high affinity (K D = 0.54 or 46 nM) due to the slow k off from HER2 antigen limited the depth of intratumoral penetration of HCT-mono-mIL12 and the consequent tumor infiltration of T cells, resulting in inferior antitumor activity compared with that of HCT-mono-mIL12 with moderate affinity of (K D = 130 nM) and a faster k off. The extent of intratumoral penetration of HCT-mono-mIL12 variants was strongly correlated with their tumor infiltration and intratumoral activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to kill tumor cells. Collectively, our results demonstrate that when developing antitumor immunocytokines, tumor antigen-binding kinetics and affinity of the Ab moiety should be optimized to achieve maximal antitumor efficacy.

Project description:BackgroundFirst-line treatment with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in recurrent and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) has improved survival. However, the overall response rate with this standard of care regimen (SOC) remains limited. Interleukin (IL)-12 is a potent cytokine that facilitates the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity, making it crucial in the antitumor response. Alum-anchored murine IL-12 (mANK-101) has been demonstrated to elicit robust antitumor responses in diverse syngeneic models, which were correlated with increased immune effector functions and prolonged local retention of IL-12. This study investigates the therapeutic benefit of combining mANK-101 with SOC in the MOC1 and MOC2 murine HNSCC tumor models.MethodsMOC1 and MOC2 tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice were administered with a single intratumoral injection of mANK-101 and weekly intraperitoneal injections of cisplatin and α-programmed death 1 (PD-1) for 3 weeks. For MOC1, flow cytometry and cytokine array were performed to assess the immune effector functions associated with the combinational treatment. Multiplex immunofluorescence was employed to characterize the influence of the treatment on the immune architecture in the tumors. RNA analysis was implemented for in-depth examination of the macrophage and effector populations.ResultsIn the MOC1 and MOC2 models, combination therapy with mANK-101, cisplatin, and α-PD-1 resulted in superior tumor growth inhibition and resulted in the highest rate of tumor-free survival when compared with treatment cohorts that received mANK-101 monotherapy or SOC treatment with α-PD-1 plus cisplatin. Furthermore, the combination therapy protected against tumor re-growth on rechallenge and controlled the growth of distal tumors. The improved therapeutic effect was associated with increased CD8+ T-cell recruitment, increased CD8+ and CD4+ activity, and repolarization of the macrophage population from M2 to M1 at the tumor site. Elevated and prolonged interferon-γ expression is central to the antitumor activity mediated by the combination therapy. In addition, the combination therapy with mANK-101+cisplatin+α-PD-1 induced the formation of tertiary lymphoid structure-like immune aggregates in the peritumoral space.ConclusionThe current findings provide a rationale for the combination of alum-tethered IL-12 with cisplatin and α-PD-1 for HNSCC.

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Alum-anchored intratumoral retention improves the tolerability and antitumor efficacy of type I interferon therapies.

Publications

Alum-anchored intratumoral retention improves the tolerability and antitumor efficacy of type I interferon therapies.

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