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Integrated optical-readout of a high-Q mechanical out-of-plane mode.

ABSTRACT: The rapid development of high-Q_M macroscopic mechanical resonators has enabled great advances in optomechanics. Further improvements could allow for quantum-limited or quantum-enhanced applications at ambient temperature. Some of the remaining challenges include the integration of high-Q_M structures on a chip, while simultaneously achieving large coupling strengths through an optical read-out. Here, we present a versatile fabrication method, which allows us to build fully integrated optomechanical structures. We place a photonic crystal cavity directly above a mechanical resonator with high-Q_M fundamental out-of-plane mode, separated by a small gap. The highly confined optical field has a large overlap with the mechanical mode, enabling strong optomechanical interaction strengths. Furthermore, we implement a novel photonic crystal design, which allows for a very large cavity photon number, a highly important feature for optomechanical experiments and sensor applications. Our versatile approach is not limited to our particular design but allows for integrating an out-of-plane optical read-out into almost any device layout. Additionally, it can be scaled to large arrays and paves the way to realizing quantum experiments and applications with mechanical resonators based on high-Q_M out-of-plane modes alike.

SUBMITTER: Guo J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9519924 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Integrated optical-readout of a high-Q mechanical out-of-plane mode.

Guo Jingkun J Gröblacher Simon S

Light, science & applications 20220928 1

The rapid development of high-Q<sub>M</sub> macroscopic mechanical resonators has enabled great advances in optomechanics. Further improvements could allow for quantum-limited or quantum-enhanced applications at ambient temperature. Some of the remaining challenges include the integration of high-Q<sub>M</sub> structures on a chip, while simultaneously achieving large coupling strengths through an optical read-out. Here, we present a versatile fabrication method, which allows us to build fully i ...[more]

PMID: 36171197

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Project description:An optical impedance spectroscopy (OIS) technique based on a single-mode electro-active-integrated optical waveguide (EA-IOW) was developed to investigate electron-transfer processes of redox adsorbates. A highly sensitive single-mode EA-IOW device was used to optically follow the time-dependent faradaic current originated from a submonolayer of cytochrome c undergoing redox exchanges driven by a harmonic modulation of the electric potential at several dc bias potentials and at several frequencies. To properly retrieve the faradaic current density from the ac-modulated optical signal, we introduce here a mathematical formalism that (i) accounts for intrinsic changes that invariably occur in the optical baseline of the EA-IOW device during potential modulation and (ii) provides accurate results for the electro-chemical parameters. We are able to optically reconstruct the faradaic current density profile against the dc bias potential in the working electrode, identify the formal potential, and determine the energy-width of the electron-transfer process. In addition, by combining the optically reconstructed faradaic signal with simple electrical measurements of impedance across the whole electrochemical cell and the capacitance of the electric double-layer, we are able to determine the time-constant connected to the redox reaction of the adsorbed protein assembly. For cytochrome c directly immobilized onto the indium tin oxide (ITO) surface, we measured a reaction rate constant of 26.5 s(-1). Finally, we calculate the charge-transfer resistance and pseudocapacitance associated with the electron-transfer process and show that the frequency dependence of the redox reaction of the protein submonolayer follows as expected the electrical equivalent of an RC-series admittance diagram. Above all, we show here that OIS with single-mode EA-IOW's provide strong analytical signals that can be readily monitored even for small surface-densities of species involved in the redox process (e.g., fmol/cm(2), 0.1% of a full protein monolayer). This experimental approach, when combined with the analytical formalism described here, brings additional sensitivity, accuracy, and simplicity to electro-chemical analysis and is expected to become a useful tool in investigations of redox processes.

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Integrated optical-readout of a high-Q mechanical out-of-plane mode.

Publications

Integrated optical-readout of a high-Q mechanical out-of-plane mode.

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