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Rapid and Accurate Estimation of Activation Free Energy in Hydrogen Atom Transfer-Based C-H Activation Reactions: From Empirical Model to Artificial Neural Networks.

ABSTRACT: A well-performing machine learning (ML) model is obtained by using proper descriptors and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms, which can quickly and accurately predict activation free energy in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based sp³ C-H activation. Density functional theory calculations (UωB97X-D) are used to establish the reaction system data sets of methoxyl (CH₃O·), trifluoroethoxyl (CF₃CH₂O·), tert-butoxyl (tBuO·), and cumyloxyl (CumO·) radicals. The simplified Roberts' equation proposed in our recent study works here [R ² = 0.84, mean absolute error (MAE) = 0.85 kcal/mol]. Its performance is comparable with univariate Mulliken-type electronegativity (χ) with the ANN model. The ANN model with bond dissociation free energy, χ, α-unsaturation, and Nolan buried volume (%V _buried) successively improves R ² and MAE to 0.93 and 0.54 kcal/mol, respectively. It reproduces the test sets of trichloroethoxyl (CCl₃CH₂O·) with R ² = 0.87 and MAE = 0.89 kcal/mol and accurately predicts the relative experimental barrier of the HAT reactions with CumO· and the site selectivity of CH₃O·.

SUBMITTER: Ma S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9535641 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Rapid and Accurate Estimation of Activation Free Energy in Hydrogen Atom Transfer-Based C-H Activation Reactions: From Empirical Model to Artificial Neural Networks.

Ma Siqi S Wang Shipeng S Cao Jiawei J Liu Fengjiao F

ACS omega 20220920 39

A well-performing machine learning (ML) model is obtained by using proper descriptors and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms, which can quickly and accurately predict activation free energy in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based sp3 C-H activation. Density functional theory calculations (UωB97X-D) are used to establish the reaction system data sets of methoxyl (CH3O·), trifluoroethoxyl (CF3CH2O·), tert-butoxyl (tBuO·), and cumyloxyl (CumO ...[more]

PMID: 36211072

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Project description:Reported herein are thermochemical studies of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions involving transition metal H-atom donors M(II)LH and oxyl radicals. [Fe(II)(H(2)bip)(3)](2+), [Fe(II)(H(2)bim)(3)](2+), [Co(II)(H(2)bim)(3)](2+), and Ru(II)(acac)(2)(py-imH) [H(2)bip = 2,2'-bi-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, H(2)bim = 2,2'-bi-imidazoline, acac = 2,4-pentandionato, py-imH = 2-(2'-pyridyl)imidazole)] each react with TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinoxyl) or (t)Bu(3)PhO(*) (2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenoxyl) to give the deprotonated, oxidized metal complex M(III)L and TEMPOH or (t)Bu(3)PhOH. Solution equilibrium measurements for the reaction of [Co(II)(H(2)bim)(3)](2+) with TEMPO show a large, negative ground-state entropy for hydrogen atom transfer, -41 +/- 2 cal mol(-1) K(-1). This is even more negative than the DeltaS(o)(HAT) = -30 +/- 2 cal mol(-1) K(-1) for the two iron complexes and the DeltaS(o)(HAT) for Ru(II)(acac)(2)(py-imH) + TEMPO, 4.9 +/- 1.1 cal mol(-1) K(-1), as reported earlier. Calorimetric measurements quantitatively confirm the enthalpy of reaction for [Fe(II)(H(2)bip)(3)](2+) + TEMPO, thus also confirming DeltaS(o)(HAT). Calorimetry on TEMPOH + (t)Bu(3)PhO(*) gives DeltaH(o)(HAT) = -11.2 +/- 0.5 kcal mol(-1) which matches the enthalpy predicted from the difference in literature solution BDEs. A brief evaluation of the literature thermochemistry of TEMPOH and (t)Bu(3)PhOH supports the common assumption that DeltaS(o)(HAT) approximately 0 for HAT reactions of organic and small gas-phase molecules. However, this assumption does not hold for transition metal based HAT reactions. The trend in magnitude of |DeltaS(o)(HAT)| for reactions with TEMPO, Ru(II)(acac)(2)(py-imH) << [Fe(II)(H(2)bip)(3)](2+) = [Fe(II)(H(2)bim)(3)](2+) < [Co(II)(H(2)bim)(3)](2+), is surprisingly well predicted by the trends for electron transfer half-reaction entropies, DeltaS(o)(ET), in aprotic solvents. This is because both DeltaS(o)(ET) and DeltaS(o)(HAT) have substantial contributions from vibrational entropy, which varies significantly with the metal center involved. The close connection between DeltaS(o)(HAT) and DeltaS(o)(ET) provides an important link between these two fields and provides a starting point from which to predict which HAT systems will have important ground-state entropy effects.

Project description:Reported herein are the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions of two closely related dicationic iron tris(alpha-diimine) complexes. FeII(H2bip) (iron(II) tris[2,2'-bi-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine]diperchlorate) and FeII(H2bim) (iron(II) tris[2,2'-bi-2-imidazoline]diperchlorate) both transfer H* to TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinoxyl) to yield the hydroxylamine, TEMPO-H, and the respective deprotonated iron(III) species, FeIII(Hbip) or FeIII(Hbim). The ground-state thermodynamic parameters in MeCN were determined for both systems using both static and kinetic measurements. For FeII(H2bip) + TEMPO, DeltaG degrees = -0.3 +/- 0.2 kcal mol-1, DeltaH degrees = -9.4 +/- 0.6 kcal mol-1, and DeltaS degrees = -30 +/- 2 cal mol-1 K-1. For FeII(H2bim) + TEMPO, DeltaG degrees = 5.0 +/- 0.2 kcal mol-1, DeltaH degrees = -4.1 +/- 0.9 kcal mol-1, and DeltaS degrees = -30 +/- 3 cal mol-1 K-1. The large entropy changes for these reactions, |TDeltaS degrees | = 9 kcal mol-1 at 298 K, are exceptions to the traditional assumption that DeltaS degrees approximately 0 for simple HAT reactions. Various studies indicate that hydrogen bonding, solvent effects, ion pairing, and iron spin equilibria do not make major contributions to the observed DeltaS degrees HAT. Instead, this effect arises primarily from changes in vibrational entropy upon oxidation of the iron center. Measurement of the electron-transfer half-reaction entropy, |DeltaS degrees Fe(H2bim)/ET| = 29 +/- 3 cal mol-1 K-1, is consistent with a vibrational origin. This conclusion is supported by UHF/6-31G* calculations on the simplified reaction [FeII(H2N=CHCH=NH2)2(H2bim)]2+...ONH2 left arrow over right arrow [FeII(H2N=CHCH=NH2)2(Hbim)]2+...HONH2. The discovery that DeltaS degrees HAT can deviate significantly from zero has important implications on the study of HAT and proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) reactions. For instance, these results indicate that free energies, rather than enthalpies, should be used to estimate the driving force for HAT when transition-metal centers are involved.

Project description:Bimolecular rate constants have been measured for reactions that involve hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from hydroxylamines to nitroxyl radicals, using the stable radicals TEMPO(*) (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical), 4-oxo-TEMPO(*) (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxo-piperidine-1-oxyl radical), di-tert-butylnitroxyl ((t)Bu(2)NO(*)), and the hydroxylamines TEMPO-H, 4-oxo-TEMPO-H, 4-MeO-TEMPO-H (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-N-hydroxy-4-methoxy-piperidine), and (t)Bu(2)NOH. The reactions have been monitored by UV-vis stopped-flow methods, using the different optical spectra of the nitroxyl radicals. The HAT reactions all have |DeltaG (o)| < or = 1.4 kcal mol(-1) and therefore are close to self-exchange reactions. The reaction of 4-oxo-TEMPO(*) + TEMPO-H --> 4-oxo-TEMPO-H + TEMPO(*) occurs with k(2H,MeCN) = 10 +/- 1 M(-1) s(-1) in MeCN at 298 K (K(2H,MeCN) = 4.5 +/- 1.8). Surprisingly, the rate constant for the analogous deuterium atom transfer reaction is much slower: k(2D,MeCN) = 0.44 +/- 0.05 M(-1) s(-1) with k(2H,MeCN)/k(2D,MeCN) = 23 +/- 3 at 298 K. The same large kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is found in CH(2)Cl(2), 23 +/- 4, suggesting that the large KIE is not caused by solvent dynamics or hydrogen bonding to solvent. The related reaction of 4-oxo-TEMPO(*) with 4-MeO-TEMPO-H(D) also has a large KIE, k(3H)/k(3D) = 21 +/- 3 in MeCN. For these three reactions, the E(aD) - E(aH) values, between 0.3 +/- 0.6 and 1.3 +/- 0.6 kcal mol(-1), and the log(A(H)/A(D)) values, between 0.5 +/- 0.7 and 1.1 +/- 0.6, indicate that hydrogen tunneling plays an important role. The related reaction of (t)Bu(2)NO(*) + TEMPO-H(D) in MeCN has a large KIE, 16 +/- 3 in MeCN, and very unusual isotopic activation parameters, E(aD) - E(aH) = -2.6 +/- 0.4 and log(A(H)/A(D)) = 3.1 +/- 0.6. Computational studies, using POLYRATE, also indicate substantial tunneling in the (CH(3))(2)NO(*) + (CH(3))(2)NOH model reaction for the experimental self-exchange processes. Additional calculations on TEMPO((*)/H), (t)Bu(2)NO((*)/H), and Ph(2)NO((*)/H) self-exchange reactions reveal why the phenyl groups make the last of these reactions several orders of magnitude faster than the first two. By inference, the calculations also suggest why tunneling appears to be more important in the self-exchange reactions of dialkylhydroxylamines than of arylhydroxylamines.

Project description:Reactions are described that interconvert vanadium(IV) oxo-hydroxo complexes [V(IV)O(OH)(R(2)bpy)(2)]BF(4) (1a-c) and vanadium(V) dioxo complexes [V(V)O(2)(R(2)bpy)(2)]BF(4) (2a-c) [R(2)bpy = 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine ((t)Bu(2)bpy), a; 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (Me(2)bpy), b; 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), c]. These are rare examples of pairs of isolated, sterically unencumbered, first-row metal-oxo/hydroxo complexes that differ by a hydrogen atom (H(+) + e(-)). The V(IV)-(t)Bu(2)bpy derivative 1a has a useful (1)H NMR spectrum, despite being paramagnetic. Complex 2a abstracts H(*) from organic substrates with weak O-H and C-H bonds, converting 2,6-(t)Bu(2)-4-MeO-C(6)H(2)OH (ArOH) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-N-hydroxypiperidine (TEMPOH) to their corresponding radicals ArO(*) and TEMPO, hydroquinone to benzoquinone, and dihydroanthracene to anthracene. The equilibrium constant for 2a + ArOH <==> 1a + ArO(*) is (4 +/- 2) x 10(-3), implying that the VO-H bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) is 70.6 +/- 1.2 kcal mol(-1). Consistent with this value, 1a is oxidized by 2,4,6-(t)Bu(3)C(6)H(2)O(*). All of these reactions are surprisingly slow, typically occurring over hours at ambient temperatures. The net hydrogen-atom pseudo-self-exchange 1a + 2b <==> 2a + 1b, using the (t)Bu- and Me-bpy substituents as labels, also occurs slowly, with k(se) = 1.3 x 10(-2) M(-1) s(-1) at 298 K, DeltaH(double dagger) = 15 +/- 2 kcal mol(-1), and DeltaS(double dagger) = 16 +/- 5 cal mol(-1) K. Using this k(se) and the BDFE, the vanadium reactions are shown to follow the Marcus cross relation moderately well, with calculated rate constants within 10(2) of the observed values. The vanadium self-exchange reaction is ca. 10(6) slower than that for the related Ru(IV)O(py)(bpy)(2)(2+)/Ru(III)OH(py)(bpy)(2)(2+) self-exchange. The origin of this dramatic difference has been probed with DFT calculations on the self-exchange reactions of 1c + 2c and on monocationic ruthenium complexes with pyrrolate or fluoride in place of the py ligands. The calculations reproduce the difference in barrier heights and show that transfer of a hydrogen atom involves more structural reorganization for vanadium than the Ru analogues. The vanadium complexes have larger changes in the metal-oxo and metal-hydroxo bond lengths, which is traced to the difference in d-orbital occupancy in the two systems. This study thus highlights the importance of intrinsic barriers in the transfer of a hydrogen atom, in addition to the thermochemical (bond strength) factors that have been previously emphasized.

Dataset Information

Rapid and Accurate Estimation of Activation Free Energy in Hydrogen Atom Transfer-Based C-H Activation Reactions: From Empirical Model to Artificial Neural Networks.

Publications

Rapid and Accurate Estimation of Activation Free Energy in Hydrogen Atom Transfer-Based C-H Activation Reactions: From Empirical Model to Artificial Neural Networks.

Similar Datasets

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