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PAX9 Is Involved in Periodontal Ligament Stem Cell-like Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Regulating Extracellular Matrix.

ABSTRACT: Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) play central roles in periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue homeostasis, repair, and regeneration. Previously, we established a protocol to differentiate human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural crest-like cells (iNCs) into PDLSC-like cells (iPDLSCs) using human PDL cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM). However, it remained unclear what factors principally regulate the differentiation of iNCs into iPDLSCs. In this study, we aimed to identify the transcription factor regulating production of human PDL cell-derived ECM, which is responsible for the generation of iPDLSCs. We cultured iNCs on ECMs of two human PDL cell lines (HPDLC-3S and HPDLC-3U) and of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). iNCs cultured on HPDLC-3U demonstrated higher iPDLSC-associated gene expression and mesenchymal differentiation capacity than cells cultured on HDF or HPDLC-3S. The transcription factor PAX9 was highly expressed in HPDLC-3U compared with HDF and HPDLC-3S. iNCs cultured on siPAX9-transfected HPDLC-3U displayed downregulation of iPDLSC-associated marker expression and adipocytic differentiation capacity relative to controls. Our findings suggest that PAX9 is one of the transcription factors regulating ECM production in human PDL cells, which is responsible for the differentiation of iNCs into iPDLSCs.

SUBMITTER: Sugiura R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9598762 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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PAX9 Is Involved in Periodontal Ligament Stem Cell-like Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Regulating Extracellular Matrix.

Sugiura Risa R Hamano Sayuri S Tomokiyo Atsushi A Hasegawa Daigaku D Yoshida Shinichiro S Sugii Hideki H Fujino Shoko S Adachi Orie O Kadowaki Masataka M Yamashita Daiki D Maeda Hidefumi H

Biomedicines 20220922 10

Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) play central roles in periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue homeostasis, repair, and regeneration. Previously, we established a protocol to differentiate human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural crest-like cells (iNCs) into PDLSC-like cells (iPDLSCs) using human PDL cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM). However, it remained unclear what factors principally regulate the differentiation of iNCs into iPDLSCs. In this study, we aimed to identify the ...[more]

PMID: 36289626

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Project description:Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) can repair alveolar bone defects in periodontitis in a microenvironment context-dependent manner. This study aimed to determine whether different extracellular matrices (ECMs) exert diverse effects on osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs and accurately control alveolar bone defect repair. Methods: The characteristics of PDLSCs and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) with respect to surface markers and multi-differentiation ability were determined. Then, we prepared periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs)-derived and bone marrow cells (BMCs)-derived ECMs (P-ECM and B-ECM) and the related decellularized ECMs (dECMs). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and protein mass spectrometry were used to distinguish the ECMs. The expression of Type IV collagen A2 (COL4A2) in the ECMs was inhibited by siRNA or activated by lentiviral transduction of relevant cells. The stemness, proliferation, and differentiation of PDLSCs were determined in vitro in different dECMs. For the in vivo analysis, different dECMs under the regulation of COL4A2 mixed with PDLSCs and Bio-Oss bone powder were subcutaneously implanted into immunocompromised mice or in defects in rat alveolar bone. The repair effects were identified by histological or immunohistochemical staining and micro-CT. Results: B-dECM exhibited more compact fibers than P-dECM, as revealed by TEM, SEM, and AFM. Protein mass spectrometry showed that COL4A2 was significantly increased in B-dECM compared with P-dECM. PDLSCs displayed stronger proliferation, stemness, and osteogenic differentiation ability when cultured on B-dECM than P-dECM. Interestingly, B-dECM enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs to a greater extent than P-dECM both in vitro and in vivo, whereas downregulation of COL4A2 in B-dECM showed the opposite results. Furthermore, the classical Wnt/β-catenin pathway was found to play an important role in the negative regulation of osteogenesis through COL4A2, confirmed by experiments with the Wnt inhibitor DKK-1 and the Wnt activator Wnt3a. Conclusion: These findings indicate that COL4A2 in the ECM promotes osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs through negative regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which can be used as a potential therapeutic strategy to repair bone defects.

Project description:The major challenge for dentistry is to provide the patient an oral rehabilitation to maintain healthy bone conditions in order to reduce the time for loading protocols. Advancement in implant surface design is necessary to favour and promote the osseointegration process. The surface features of titanium dental implant can promote a relevant influence on the morphology and differentiation ability of mesenchymal stem cells, induction of the osteoblastic genes expression and the release of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The present study aimed at evaluating the in vitro effects of two different dental implants with titanium surfaces, TEST and CTRL, to culture the human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). Expression of ECM components such as Vimentin, Fibronectin, N-cadherin, Laminin, Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and Integrin beta-1 (ITGB1), and the osteogenic related markers, as runt related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were investigated. Human PDLSCs cultured on the TEST implant surface demonstrated a better cell adhesion capability as observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and immunofluorescence analysis. Moreover, immunofluorescence and Western blot experiments showed an over expression of Fibronectin, Laminin, N-cadherin and RUNX2 in hPDLSCs seeded on TEST implant surface. The gene expression study by RT-PCR validated the results obtained in protein assays and exhibited the expression of RUNX2, ALP, Vimentin (VIM), Fibronectin (FN1), N-cadherin (CDH2), Laminin (LAMB1), FAK and ITGB1 in hPDLSCs seeded on TEST surface compared to the CTRL dental implant surface. Understanding the mechanisms of ECM components release and its regulation are essential for developing novel strategies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Our results demonstrated that the impact of treated surfaces of titanium dental implants might increase and accelerate the ECM apposition and provide the starting point to initiate the osseointegration process.

Project description:The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a specialized connective tissue that provides structural support to the tooth and is crucial for oral functions. The mechanical properties of the PDL are mainly derived from the tissue-specific composition and structural characteristics of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM also plays key roles in determining cell fate in the cellular microenvironment thus crucial in the PDL tissue homeostasis. In the present study, we determined the comprehensive ECM profile of mouse molar PDL using laser microdissection and mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis with ECM-oriented data curation. Additionally, we evaluated changes in the ECM proteome under mechanical loading using a mouse orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) model and analyzed potential regulatory networks using a bioinformatics approach. Proteomic changes were evaluated in reference to the novel second harmonic generation (SHG)-based fiber characterization. Our ECM-oriented proteomics approach succeeded in illustrating the comprehensive ECM profile of the mouse molar PDL. We revealed the presence of type II collagen in PDL, possibly associated with the load-bearing function upon occlusal force. Mechanical loading induced unique architectural changes in collagen fibers along with dynamic compositional changes in the matrisome profile, particularly involving ECM glycoproteins and matrisome-associated proteins. We identified several unique matrisome proteins which responded to the different modes of mechanical loading in PDL. Notably, the proportion of type VI collagen significantly increased at the mesial side, contributing to collagen fibrogenesis. On the other hand, type XII collagen increased at the PDL-cementum boundary of the distal side. Furthermore, a multifaceted bioinformatics approach illustrated the potential molecular cues, including PDGF signaling, that maintain ECM homeostasis under mechanical loading. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the molecular network underlying ECM homeostasis in PDL, which is vital for clinical diagnosis and development of biomimetic tissue-regeneration strategies.

Dataset Information

PAX9 Is Involved in Periodontal Ligament Stem Cell-like Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Regulating Extracellular Matrix.

Publications

PAX9 Is Involved in Periodontal Ligament Stem Cell-like Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Regulating Extracellular Matrix.

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