Reverse zoonosis and its relevance to the monkeypox outbreak 2022.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Choudhary OP
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9663440 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Nov-Dec
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Reverse zoonosis and its relevance to the monkeypox outbreak 2022.
Choudhary Om Prakash OP Priyanka Chopra Hitesh H Shafaati Maryam M Dhawan Manish M Metwally Asmaa A AA Saied AbdulRahman A AA Rabaan Ali A AA Alhumaid Saad S Al Mutair Abbas A Sarkar Rupan R
New microbes and new infections 20221115
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Project description:The biggest-ever outbreak of monkeypox disease in non-endemic countries started in May, 2022. Though no monkeypox case has been reported from India, till mid-June, 2022, yet, considering the rate of spread to the non-endemic countries, there is an urgent need of better understanding of the monkeypox virus and disease epidemiology to help clinicians, public health specialists, and policymakers to be prepared for any eventuality. This review summarises the monkeypox disease epidemiology, clinical features, therapies, vaccines and outlines the measures for preparedness and response for a possible outbreak. The disease is known to cause severe outcome in children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised hosts and this group need to be given special attention. The monkeypox disease outbreak (2022) in non-endemic countries should be used as an opportunity by India and other low and middle income countries to strengthen public health surveillance and health system capacity for outbreak and epidemic preparedness and response.
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Project description:AimsThe current Monkeypox virus (MPX) outbreak is not only the largest known outbreak to date caused by a strain belonging to the West-African clade, but also results in remarkably different clinical and epidemiological features compared to previous outbreaks of this virus. Here, we consider the possibility that mutations in the viral genome may be responsible for its changed characteristics.Methods and resultsSix genome sequences of isolates from the current outbreak were compared to five genomes of isolates from the 2017 outbreak in Nigeria and to two historic genomes, all belonging to the West-African clade. We report differences that are consistently present in the 2022 isolates but not in the others. Although some variation in repeat units was observed, only two were consistently found in the 2022 genomes only, and these were located in intergenic regions. A total of 55 single nucleotide polymorphisms were consistently present in the 2022 isolates compared to the 2017 isolates. Of these, 25 caused an amino acid substitution in a predicted protein.ConclusionsThe nature of the substitution and the annotation of the affected protein identified potential candidates that might affect the virulence of the virus. These included the viral DNA helicase and transcription factors.SignificanceThis bioinformatic analysis provides guidance for wet-lab research to identify changed properties of the MPX.
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Project description:Monkeypox disease is a zoonosis that has the monkey virus (MPXV) as its etiologic agent, an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus that has caused some severe cases, leading to 3-6% fatality ratio. MPXV exhibits similar symptoms to those observed for Smallpox infection. Human-to-human transmission occurs via droplet respiratory particles and close contact with skin lesions of an infected person or recently contaminated objects. MPXV symptoms include fever, intense headache, back pain, myalgia, severe asthenia, lymphadenopathy, and skin eruption. The 2022 outbreak is growing, spreading over 75 countries/territories. Based on this, the MPXV outbreak was declared a "public health emergency of international concern" by WHO. In 2019, a vaccine-based modified attenuated vaccinia virus (Ankara strain) was approved for MPXV prevention. However, its availability remains limited. Besides, there are no approved or licensed drugs to treat MPXV currently. However, tecovirimat was licensed by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to treat MPXV infections. Notwithstanding all these aspects and limitations associated with MPXV, How the medicinal chemistry could help us?
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