Regionalisation or marginalisation? The case of the Oromo living in Amhara region of Ethiopia.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Tulu BA
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9674887 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Nov
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Regionalisation or marginalisation? The case of the Oromo living in Amhara region of Ethiopia.
Tulu Betemariam Alemayehu BA Roro Ameyu Godesso AG
Heliyon 20221110 11
Since Ethiopia adopted a multinational federation in 1991, Amhara and Oromiya have evolved into nationalist regional states that serve the political interests of the ethnic Amhara and Oromo, respectively. Drawing borders does not conform to ethno-territoriality, leaving some outside their home regions. In this article, we shed light on the marginalisation currently faced by the Oromo people living in areas stretching on the regional Amhara side of the border with the Oromiya region. The data use ...[more]
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Project description:APCDR AGV Project: Array data from 107 Ethiopians (Amhara, Oromo, Somali; subset of Ethiopian Genome Project Genotyping). Raw data, intensity files and post-QC Plink files.
| EGAD00010001047 | EGA
Project description:BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the burden of chemical poisoning and its associated factors at the Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) pilot surveillance sites in the Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia. The analysis of burdens and contributing factors is intended to inform targeted interventions and enhance public health strategies.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at TibebeGhionComprehensive Specialized Hospital(TGCSH) and FelegeHiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital(FHCSH) in the Amhara region of Ethiopia from June to November 2021. Data were collected using structured tools and analyzed with SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics assessed the burden of chemical poisoning, while Chi-square analysis identified significant factors associated with the burden of chemical poisoning.ResultsThe study reported a total of 184 chemical poisoning cases at TGCSH and FHCSH in the Amhara region, with a case fatality rate of 17%. The most affected age group was 16 to 25 years, and females accounted for 60% of the cases. Geographic distribution showed that Bahir Dar had the highest incidence, contributing to 64.7% of the cases, while the South Gondar zone, particularly the Fogera district, accounted for 30.88%. Organophosphates emerged as the most prevalent toxic agents, responsible for 53% of the cases. Chi-square analysis highlighted several significant associations with a higher burden of chemical poisoning, including being female (X² = 4.463, p = 0.035), being 35 years or younger (X² = 4.629, p = 0.031), ingestion of rodent poison (X² = 4.154, p = 0.042), intentional poisoning (X² = 7.488, p = 0.006), and inhalation exposure (X² = 4.154, p = 0.042) and educational level (X² = 5.764, p = 0.016).Conclusions and recommendationsThe study reveals a significant burden of chemical poisoning in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia, with a 17% fatality rate, predominantly impacting young adults and females, particularly in areas with high pesticide use, such as Bahir Dar and South Gondar. Key issues include cases with no antidotes, inhalation exposure, and intentional poisoning.RecommendationsImplement stricter chemical regulations, limit pesticide sales, enhance community education on safe handling, and improve mental health support for high-risk groups. Develop sustained CBRN surveillance systems and conduct further research on regional disparities and chemical agent assessments.
| S-EPMC11437713 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundTrachoma recrudescence after elimination as a public health problem has been reached is a concern for control programs globally. Programs typically conduct district-level trachoma surveillance surveys (TSS) ≥ 2 years after the elimination threshold is achieved to determine whether the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) among children ages 1 to 9 years remains <5%. Many TSS are resulting in a TF prevalence ≥5%. Once a district returns to TF ≥5%, a program typically restarts costly mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns and surveys at least twice, for impact and another TSS. In Amhara, Ethiopia, most TSS which result in a TF ≥5% have a prevalence close to 5%, making it difficult to determine whether the result is due to true recrudescence or to statistical variability. This study's aim was to monitor recrudescence within Amhara by waiting to restart MDA within 2 districts with a TF prevalence ≥5% at TSS, Metema = 5.2% and Woreta Town = 5.1%. The districts were resurveyed 1 year later using traditional and alternative indicators, such as measures of infection and serology, a "wait and watch" approach.Methods/principal findingsThese post-surveillance surveys, conducted in 2021, were multi-stage cluster surveys whereby certified graders assessed trachoma signs. Children ages 1 to 9 years provided a dried blood spot and children ages 1 to 5 years provided a conjunctival swab. TF prevalence in Metema and Woreta Town were 3.6% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]:1.4-6.4) and 2.5% (95% CI:0.8-4.5) respectively. Infection prevalence was 1.2% in Woreta Town and 0% in Metema. Seroconversion rates to Pgp3 in Metema and Woreta Town were 0.4 (95% CI:0.2-0.7) seroconversions per 100 child-years and 0.9 (95% CI:0.6-1.5) respectively.Conclusions/significanceBoth study districts had a TF prevalence <5% with low levels of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and transmission, and thus MDA interventions are no longer warranted. The wait and watch approach represents a surveillance strategy which could lead to fewer MDA campaigns and surveys and thus cost savings with reduced antibiotic usage.
| S-EPMC10914254 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceAntenatal care prevents maternal and neonatal deaths and improves birth outcomes. There is a lack of predictive models to identify pregnant women who are at high risk of failing to attend antenatal care in low-resource settings.ObjectiveTo develop a series of predictive models to identify women who are at high risk of failing to attend antenatal care in a rural setting in Ethiopia.Design, setting, and participantsThis prognostic study used data from the Birhan Health and Demographic Surveillance System and its associated pregnancy and child cohort. The study was conducted at the Birhan field site, North Shewa zone, Ethiopia, a platform for community- and facility-based research and training, with a focus on maternal and child health. Participants included women enrolled during pregnancy in the pregnancy and child cohort between December 2018 and March 2020, who were followed-up in home and facility visits. Data were analyzed from April to December 2022.ExposuresA wide range of sociodemographic, economic, medical, environmental, and pregnancy-related factors were considered as potential predictors. The selection of potential predictors was guided by literature review and expert knowledge.Main outcomes and measuresThe outcome of interest was failing to attend at least 1 antenatal care visit during pregnancy. Prediction models were developed using logistic regression with regularization via the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and ensemble decision trees and assessed using the area under the receiving operator characteristic curve (AUC).ResultsThe study sample included 2195 participants (mean [SD] age, 26.8 [6.1] years; mean [SD] gestational age at enrolment, 25.5 [8.8] weeks). A total of 582 women (26.5%) failed to attend antenatal care during cohort follow-up. The AUC was 0.61 (95% CI, 0.58-0.64) for the regularized logistic regression model at conception, with higher values for models predicting at weeks 13 (AUC, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.66-0.71) and 24 (AUC, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.64-0.69). AUC values were similar with slightly higher performance for the ensembles of decision trees (conception: AUC, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.59-0.65; 13 weeks: AUC, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.67-0.72; 24 weeks: AUC, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.64-0.69).Conclusions and relevanceThis prognostic study presents a series of prediction models for antenatal care attendance with modest performance. The developed models may be useful to identify women at high risk of missing their antenatal care visits to target interventions to improve attendance rates. This study opens the possibility to develop and validate easy-to-use tools to project health-related behaviors in settings with scarce resources.
| S-EPMC10233415 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Diseases from food of animal origin are common health problems in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was carried out to estimate health and economic burden, and to identify demographic factors associated with community awareness of foodborne zoonotic diseases in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Data was collected from 435 households in three towns: Gondar, Lalibela and Debark. A retrospective data was also collected from health records in each town. The health burden due to zoonotic diseases was estimated at 0.2, 0.1 and 1.3 DALYs per household per year and at 73.2, 146.6 and 1,689.5 DALYs out of 100,000 populations per year in Gondar, Lalibela and Debark, respectively. The overall health burden due to foodborne zoonotic diseases (aggregated over the 435 households in the three towns) was estimated to be 89.9 DALYs per 100,000 populations per year. The economic impact of foodborne zoonotic diseases in the three towns of Amhara regional state was 278.98 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) (1ETB = 0.025 US Dollar) per household per year and 121,355.68 ETB per year. Costs of preventive measures followed by costs of patients' time made the highest contribution while costs of diagnosis made the lowest contribution to the total economic burden of foodborne zoonotic diseases. From a total of 435 respondents, 305 (70.1%) had known the presence of zoonotic diseases. Level of education, number of families in the house and income were highly associated with awareness of zoonosis. Although majority of respondents had known zoonotic diseases exists (70.1%) and disease can be acquired from animal source food (63.2%), the health and economic burden associated to foodborne zoonotic diseases are still high. Therefore, changing mindset and practical training aiming in controlling foodborne zoonotic diseases may be suggested to the community in the health improvement extension service.
| S-EPMC8719781 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Adequate supplies of tuberculosis laboratory reagents and consumables are necessary for tuberculosis diagnosis and monitoring of treatment response. This study assessed the distribution and stock levels of laboratory commodities used in tuberculosis control in health centers of Amhara region, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 82 health centers, among 801, providing sputum microscopy services. Stock levels were calculated, and distribution of reagents and consumables assessed. Thirty three (40.2%) health centers were under stocked for at least one of the key items for tuberculosis diagnosis at the time of visit. Fifteen (18.3%) health centers had no stocks of at least one of the key items (methylene blue (11%), carbol fuchsin (11%), acid alcohol (8.5%) and sputum cups (3.7%)). Of the 82 health centers, 77 (93.9%) did not fulfill the criteria for effective distribution of tuberculosis laboratory reagents and consumables. There were many health centers that had no or only low stocks of key tuberculosis laboratory reagents and consumables as a result of ineffective distribution system. It is necessary to strengthen supply chain management to ensure uninterrupted TB diagnostic service.
| S-EPMC4671647 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Trachomatous scarring has been shown to progress regardless of active ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection, indicating that scarring drivers may be unrelated to ongoing transmission. Although scarring prevalence is commonly associated with older age and female sex, less is known about other potential contributors to its development. This study identified and assessed risk factors associated with scarring magnitude in a trachoma-endemic setting, utilizing a five-point photographic scale (S0-S4). During 2017 trachoma surveys of Amhara, Ethiopia, photographers captured left and right conjunctival images of adults (ages 15 years and older) from 10 districts. Subsequently, two graders independently assessed photographs for scarring, with discrepancies adjudicated by an expert grader. Scarring scores for 729 individuals were aggregated from the eye level to the participant level, excluding 17 participants because of poor photograph quality. Among those with scarring, most cases (20.4%) were severe (S4, comprising more than 90% of the tarsal conjunctiva) compared with the prevalence of moderate S3-A/B (11.2%), S2 (8.3%), and mild S1 (19.2%). The youngest group (ages 15-19 years) exhibited all scarring stages. Older participants (60 years and older) experienced a greater burden of severe scarring (S4 prevalence: 32.6%) than their younger (15-19 years) counterparts (6.2%). Multivariate ordinal logistic regression models indicated female sex, increasing age, and district-level trachomatous follicular-inflammation prevalence were significant predictors of scarring severity. Trachomatous scarring and its progression to trichiasis, may prove a barrier to meeting WHO timelines for trachoma elimination and will necessitate ongoing surveillance and interventions after elimination thresholds have been met.
| S-EPMC11376122 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundWomen living in resource constrained settings often have limited knowledge of and access to surgical treatment for pelvic organ prolapse. Additionally, little is known about experiences during recovery periods or about the reintegration process for women who do gain access to medical services, including surgery. This study aimed to explore women's experiences related to recovery and reintegration after free surgical treatment for pelvic organ prolapse in a resource-constrained setting.MethodsThe study had a qualitative design and used in-depth interviews in the data collection with a purposive sample of 25 participants, including 12 women with pelvic organ prolapse. Recruitment took place at the University of Gondar Hospital, Ethiopia, where women with pelvic organ prolapse had been admitted for free surgical treatment. In-depth interviews were carried out with women at the hospital prior to surgery and in their homes 5-9 months following surgery. Interviews were also conducted with health-care providers (8), representatives from relevant organizations (3), and health authorities (2). The fieldwork was carried out in close collaboration with a local female interpreter.ResultsThe majority of the women experienced a transformation after prolapse surgery. They went from a life dominated by fear of disclosure, discrimination, and divorce due to what was perceived as a shameful and strongly prohibitive condition both physically and socially, to a life of gradually regained physical health and reintegration into a social life. The strong mobilization of family-networks for most of the women facilitated work-related help and social support during the immediate post-surgery period as well as on a long-term basis. The women with less extensive social networks expressed greater challenges, and some struggled to meet their basic needs. All the women openly disclosed their health condition after surgery, and several actively engaged in creating awareness about the condition.ConclusionsFree surgical treatment substantially improved the health and social life for most of the study participants. The impact of the surgery extended to the communities in which the women lived through increased openness and awareness and thus had the potential to ensure increased disclosure among other women who suffer from this treatable condition.
| S-EPMC5975541 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Methods:A community-based cross-sectional study was employed among 686 mothers in Burie District from March 16 to March 25, 2017. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using face to face interviewer administered structured questionnaires. Then, the collected data was entered, coded, and cleaned into EPI Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20.0 for data analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was done to assess the association of factors with postpartum modern contraceptive use. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and p values <0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Result:This study revealed that postpartum modern contraceptive use was found to be 20.7%. Postpartum modern contraceptive use was significantly associated with women's level of education (AOR = 0.15, 95% CI (0.03-0.71)), discussing FP methods with partner (AOR = 0.60, 95% CI (0.40-0.90)), knowing menses return after birth (AOR = 0.39, 95% CI (0.25-0.59)), ever heard about modern FP methods (AOR = 0.06, 95% CI (0.01-0.43)), and contacting health professionals (AOR = 1.85, 95% CI (1.19-2.88)). Conclusion and Recommendations. Postpartum modern contraceptive use was found to be low. Therefore, health professionals should work on improvements in women's educational status, making awareness of the women and counseling of their husbands about the use of postpartum contraception, when fertility returned and risky timing for becoming pregnant.
| S-EPMC7115150 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAs countries reach the trachoma elimination threshold and cases of trachomatous inflammation follicular (TF) become rare, it becomes difficult to train survey graders to recognize clinical signs. We assess the use of photography as a grading tool, the efficiency of an in-country grading center and the comparability of field and photographic grading.MethodsDuring January-February 2017 surveys in Amhara, Ethiopia, field graders assessed TF, trachomatous inflammation intense (TI) and trachomatous scarring (TS). Photographs were taken from each conjunctiva and later graded at the Gondar Grading Center (GGC) at the University of Gondar in Amhara. Two trained ophthalmology residents graded each set of photographs and a third grader provided an adjudicating grade when needed.ResultsA total of 4953 photographs of 2477 conjunctivae from 1241 participants in 10 communities were graded over 5 d at the GGC. Six examined participants were not photographed. Agreement between field and photographic grades were for TF: percent agreement (PA) 96.7%, κ=0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64 to 0.77; for TI: PA 94.7%, κ=0.32 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.43); and for TS: PA 83.5%, κ=0.22 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.29).ConclusionsConjunctival photography may be a solution for programs near the elimination threshold where there are few available community cases for training field graders.
| S-EPMC9890315 | biostudies-literature