Data on prevalence and management practices of malaria-typhoid co-infection in Unwana South East Nigeria.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Ogundapo SS
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9679488 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Dec
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Data on prevalence and management practices of malaria-typhoid co-infection in Unwana South East Nigeria.
Ogundapo Segun Solomon SS Temidayo Soniran Olajoju SO Ngobidi Karian Chigozie KC Vining-Ogu Ibukun Caroline IC Obasi Nwogo Ajuka NA Olugbue Victor Uzochukwu VU Ajala Lawrence Olusegun LO Enemchukwu Benneth Nnanyelugo BN Kalu Kalu Udo KU Okoro Nnanna Oji NO Otu Ifeoma Obasi IO Okon Racheal Iniobong RI Ezugwu Emelda Chinedu EC Okoro Peace Nkeiruka PN Onyeamachi Jessica Chinagorom JC Arua Ocha Udu OU
Data in brief 20220930
Using a descriptive survey design, the prevalence and management practices of malaria and malaria- typhoid co-infection in Unwana South East Nigeria was determined. Two hundred and thirty-six (236) febrile volunteers comprising 104 males and 132 females attending the Medical Centre of Akanu Ibiam Federal polytechnic Unwana, Afikpo Ebonyi state Nigeria participated in this study. Using thick film microscopy and Widal antigen-based agglutination test, one hundred and thirty-seven participants were ...[more]
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Project description:BackgroundMethamphetamine (MA) (Mkpurummiri) is seen as the most common, accessible and new drug of use/abuse in south east Nigeria. Despite the overwhelming evidence of the dire consequences of this drug to the users, there is lack of empirical research to determine its prevalence in this area where use is assumed to be common. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MA use, characteristics of the users and the control measures.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional survey research design was conducted from May through November 2023 among adolescents/adults at the age bracket of 15-64 years in the five states of south east, Nigeria. Three hundred and seventy-one (371) respondents were recruited using purposive/convenience sampling methods. A semi structured questionnaire was the instrument used. Data were analyzed using percentage, bivariate and multivariate logistics regression statistics. The Prevalence of MA was determined using percentages whereas the factors that are associated with MA use were expressed using multivariate logistics regression statistics AORs and 95%CIs. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.ResultsThe prevalence of Methamphetamine (Mkpurummiri) was (21.8%). The most common reason for MA use was depression (86.5%), the most common route of administration was inhalation (64.9%). The most common characteristic of MA (Mkpurummiri) user was aggressive/violent behaviour (94.1%).The control measures were self-control (92.2%), parental monitoring (85.7%), drug education (83.1%) and legal control (80.8%). The multivariate logistics regression statistics AOR shows that off-campus were 3 times (AOR = 0.298; CI = 0.12-0.73 P = 0.008), family house 4 times (AOR = 0.241; CI = 0.09-0.65; P = 0.005 ≤0.05 ) less likely than on-campus to predict MA use. Recently married were 3.25 times (aOR = 3.25; CI = 1.47-7.18), divorced 3.45 times (aOR = 3.45; CI = 1.23-9.58), polygamy 2.3 times (aOR = 2.3; CI = 1.08-4.90; P = 0.031 ≤0.05 ), tradition 4.44 times (aOR = 4.44; CI = 1.77-11.15; P = 0.001 ≤0.05) , more likely than others to use MA.ConclusionsMA use prevalence was relatively high, and marital status, living arrangements, family type and religion were the predictors. These findings underscore the need for concerted effort among the relevant government agencies, community stakeholders, families, religious bodies and school authorities to designing MA use policy/laws with special focus on adopting the punitive measure used in checking cocaine users. This may help to arrest and prosecute the manufacturers, distributors and users of MA.
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Project description:BACKGROUND:The present study aimed to identify the national prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in Irish sheep and to conduct a risk analysis assessment based on management and treatment practices in participating flocks. Also, co-infection with rumen fluke was quantified and its association with liver fluke and management practices was assessed. METHODS:A total of 305 sheep flocks were selected ensuring even national representation of the sheep population. Participating farms were asked to complete a survey questionnaire on farm management practices and submit faecal samples during the winter of 2014-2015. Pooled faecal samples were analysed for the presence of F. hepatica and co-infection with rumen fluke. Apparent and true prevalence were calculated, additionally, the rate of co-infection with rumen fluke was also obtained. Correlation and regression analyses were used for assessing associations between management practices, liver fluke infection and co-infection with rumen fluke. RESULTS:The national true prevalence of F. hepatica was 50.4% (n = 305). Regional prevalence varied from 41% in the east to 52% in the south. Co-infection with rumen fluke was observed in 40% of the studied population and correlated with increased F. hepatica egg counts (OR = 2.9; P ≤ 0.001). Predominant breeds were Suffolk, Texel and Horned Mountain breeds. Beef cattle were the most frequent type of other livestock present on farms and mixed species grazing was frequently reported (73%). More than half of the flocks reported a mid-to-late lambing period (March-April). Use of mountain land for grazing was of 32%. Flukicides were most commonly used twice over the autumn-winter period. Regression analyses highlighted significant association of F. hepatica status, with the presence of other livestock on farm, frequency of flukicides used during the winter and clinical presentation of liver fluke. A significant increase in eggs per gram of faeces was observed in Charollais sheep in comparison with all other breeds. Co-infection with F. hepatica and Calicophoron daubneyi was also significantly associated with the presence of other livestock on the farm, type of flukicide used and clinical fasciolosis. CONCLUSIONS:The present study provides up-to-date information on the prevalence of F. hepatica in Irish sheep and adds insight to the epidemiology of the disease. These findings will be useful for designing new holistic control measures for F. hepatica infection.
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Project description:BackgroundNigeria accounts for substantial proportions of global malaria infections and deaths, with children aged younger than 5 years being the most affected group. This suggests that access to lifesaving malaria interventions could be suboptimal, especially at public health facilities where most rural dwellers seek health care. We conducted this study to ascertain if public health facilities have the commodities and the robust supply chain management (SCM) system required to deliver malaria interventions to children younger than 5 years.MethodWe conducted a cross-sectional survey in 1,858 health facilities across 7 states in Nigeria. Using structured questionnaires, we assessed the availability of selected malaria commodities required by children aged younger than 5 years. We also interviewed health workers to evaluate other core SCM activities.ResultMore than 50% of health facilities in 5 states were stocked out of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs), and stock-out rates for artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) were over 50% for almost all assessed ACTs across all states. The percentage of health facilities that received malaria commodities within the recommended lead time was below average across most states (71%). States with a higher percentage of health workers who were aware of and placed orders following the national reporting timeline and those that delivered commodities to the last mile predominantly through third-party logistics service providers tended to have higher availability of mRDTs and artemether/lumefantrine combinations. The top 2 logistics challenges were insecurity and inadequate funding.ConclusionThe availability of lifesaving malaria commodities across the health facilities visited was suboptimal, possibly due to several SCM challenges. The results from this study underscore the urgent need to implement effective interventions to address the observed gaps. This will contribute to reducing malaria morbidity and mortality among children aged younger than 5 years in Nigeria.
| S-EPMC11216708 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveThe level of immunity against pathogens decreases with old age. As a result, the elderly may be regarded to be at increased risk of malaria morbidity and fatality. There is paucity of studies on malaria among the elderly population in Osun East district, Southwest Nigeria. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of malaria and its association with medical comorbidities among the elderly.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, which involved 972 adult residents of five communities in Osun State, who were selected using a multistage random sampling technique. Data was collected with aid of a structured questionnaire. The medical history of respondents and anthropometric measures were obtained. The presence of malaria parasitaemia in the respondents was determined by rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Appropriate descriptive and inferential analyses were done.ResultsOut of the 972 respondents, 504 (51.9%) were 60 years and above. The overall prevalence of malaria RDT positivity was 4%. The positivity rate was higher among the elderly (4.6%) compared to those less than 60 years (3.4%), albeit not statistically significant (p = 0.36). Among these elderlies, 52.6% and 16.1% used insecticide-treated nets and insecticide sprays, respectively. There was no association between the prevalence of malaria positivity and comorbid conditions, such as hypertension (p = 0.37), overweight/obesity (p = 0.77), or diabetes (p = 0.15). Malaria positivity rate was also not significantly associated with the use of insecticide-treated nets (p = 0.64) or insecticide sprays (p = 0.45).ConclusionThe malaria positivity rate was higher among the elderly in the study area, although not statistically significant. The prevalence was not associated with comorbid medical conditions.
| S-EPMC10071164 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPaediatric febrile illnesses pose diagnostic challenges in low-income countries. Western Uganda is endemic for both malaria and typhoid but the true prevalence of each individual disease, their co-infections and associated factors are poorly quantified.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of malaria, typhoid, their co-infection, and associated factors amongst febrile children attending the paediatrics and child health department of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIU-TH) in Western Uganda.MethodsCross-sectional study used a survey questionnaire covering demographics, clinical and behavioural variables. We obtained blood for peripheral films for malaria and cultures for typhoid respectively; from 108 consecutively consented participants. Ethical approval was obtained from KIU-TH research and ethics committee (No. UG-REC-023/201,834). Multivariate regression analysis was performed using Stata 14.0 (StataCorp. 2015) at 95% confidence interval, regarding p < 0.05 as statistically significant.ResultsMajority of participants were males 62% (n = 67), cared for by their mothers 86.1% (n = 93). The prevalence of malaria was 25% (n = 27). The prevalence of typhoid was 3.7% (n = 4), whereas the prevalence of malaria-typhoid co-infection was 2.8% (n = 3). Using treated water from protected public taps was associated with low malaria-typhoid co-infection [p = 0.04; aOR = 0.05, 95%CI [0.003-0.87], whereas drinking unboiled water from open wells increased the risk for the co-infection [p = 0.037, cOR = 17, 95%CI (1.19-243.25)].ConclusionsThe prevalence of blood culture confirmed malaria-typhoid co-infection in children was lower than previously reported in serological studies. These findings emphasize the need to use gold standard diagnostic investigations in epidemiological studies. Educational campaigns should focus on the use of safe water, hygienic hand washing, and proper waste disposal; and should target mothers who mainly take care of these children.
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Project description:The adoption of ACT as the first line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in Nigeria has concentrated attention on the role of testing in appropriate malaria treatment. There are calls at both national and global level for malaria treatment to be based on test result, but it is still unclear how testing can be incorporated into treatment-seeking and practices of health providers. This study explored community members and health providers' perceptions and experiences with malaria tests in south east Nigeria.The study was conducted in urban and rural areas of Enugu state in south-eastern Nigeria. A total of 18 focus group discussions with 179 community members including sub-groups of primary caregivers, adult men and adult women aged 15 years and above. Twenty-six (26) In-depth interviews were held with public and private health providers involved in prescribing medicines at public and private health facilities in the study area.Both providers and community members were familiar with malaria tests and identified malaria tests as an important step to distinguish malaria from other illnesses with similar symptoms and as a means of delivering appropriate treatment. However, the logic of test-directed treatment was undermined by cost of test and a lack of testing facilities but above all concerns over the reliability of negative test results, with community members and providers observing inconsistencies between results and symptoms, and providers attributing inaccurate results to incompetencies of technicians. Recognition of malaria symptoms was deemed most important in determining the use of antimalarial drugs rather than the result of a malaria test.The results highlight important areas of intervention to promote appropriate malaria treatment. If tests are to play a role in patient management, demand and supply side interventions are needed to change people's attitude towards malaria test results.
| S-EPMC3507662 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMany Nigerian children with malaria are treated at home. Treatments are mostly incorrect, due to caregivers' poor knowledge of appropriate and correct dose of drugs. A comparative study was carried out in two rural health districts in southwest Nigeria to determine the effectiveness of a guideline targeted at caregivers, in the treatment of febrile children using chloroquine.MethodsBaseline and post intervention knowledge, attitude and practice household surveys were conducted. The intervention strategy consisted of training a core group of mothers ("mother trainers") in selected communities on the correct treatment of malaria and distributing a newly developed treatment guideline to each household. "Mother trainers" disseminated the educational messages about malaria and the use of the guideline to their communities.ResultsKnowledge of cause, prevention and treatment of malaria increased with the one-year intervention. Many, (70.4%) of the respondents stated that they used the guideline each time a child was treated for malaria. There was a significant increase in the correct use of chloroquine from 2.6% at baseline to 52.3% after intervention among those who treated children at home in the intervention arm compared with 4.2% to 12.7% in the control arm. The correctness of use was significantly associated with use of the guideline. The timeliness of commencing treatment was significantly earlier in those who treated febrile children at home using chloroquine than those who took their children to the chemist or health facility (p < 0.005). Mothers considered the guideline to be explicit and useful. Mother trainers were also considered to be effective and acceptable.ConclusionThe use of the guideline with adequate training significantly improved correctness of malaria treatment with chloroquine at home. Adoption of this mode of intervention is recommended to improve compliance with drug use at home. The applicability for deploying artemisinin-based combination therapy at the community level needs to be investigated.
| S-EPMC2268701 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Nurses are particularly vulnerable to nosocomial tuberculosis (TB) infection because, being in the frontline of healthcare provision, they are frequently exposed to patients with infectious TB disease. Although cost-effective measures are available for TB infection control (TBIC), they are often poorly implemented. Knowledge of TBIC is known to positively influence the practice of the measures. There is, however, paucity of data on the knowledge and practices regarding TBIC among nurses in Nigeria. This study was aimed at determining the levels of TBIC-related knowledge and practices of nurses in Ibadan, and their associated socio-demographic factors. METHODS:This cross-sectional study utilized a self-administered questionnaire to collect data from 200 nurses in two secondary health facilities, in May 2014. The mean knowledge and practice scores of the nurses were determined and logistic regression was utilized to explore the association between the scores and socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS:The respondents had mean knowledge and practice scores of 68.2 and 79.9% respectively. Using cut-off points of 80 and 100% for good knowledge and practice scores respectively, small proportions of the nurses had good scores - knowledge (10.5%) and practice (6%). Knowledge was not significantly associated with the socio-demographic characteristics of the nurses. Work experience was the only factor that was significantly associated with practices, with the more experienced nurses (> 18 years of work experience) having lower odds of obtaining good practice scores (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.06-0.94). There was also no significant association between knowledge and practice scores (the nurses were yet to be trained on the newly-introduced TBIC package at the time of the study). CONCLUSIONS:The study revealed that small proportions of the nurses had good knowledge and practice scores. Its findings will be useful for the designing of interventions to improve TBIC among nurses and other healthcare workers, and to benchmark evaluation of the interventions. It is recommended that nurses should be trained on TBIC to equip them with necessary knowledge and skills. This, together with appropriate policy directives, and adequate monitoring and supervision will contribute to optimal implementation of TB preventive measures.
| S-EPMC7132981 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAccurate rapid diagnosis is one of the important steps in the effort to reduce morbidity and mortality of malaria. Blood-specific malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are currently in use but other body fluid specific diagnostic test kits are being developed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance characteristics of a one-step Urine Malaria Test™ (UMT) dipstick in detecting Plasmodium falciparum HRP2, a poly-histidine antigen in urine of febrile patients for malaria diagnosis.MethodsThis was an observational study in which a urine-based malaria test kit was used in malaria diagnosis in a normal field setting. Two hundred and three individuals who presented with fever (≥37.5°C) at seven outpatient clinics in Enugu State during periods of high and low transmission seasons in Southeastern Nigeria were enrolled. Matched samples of urine and blood of consecutively enrolled subjects were tested with UMT and blood smear microscopy.ResultsWith the blood smear microscopy as standard, the disease prevalence was 41.2% and sensitivity for the UMT was 83.75% (CI: 73.81 to 91.95%, Kappa 0.665, p =0.001). The UMT had an LLD of 120 parasites/μl but the sensitivity at parasite density less than ≤200 parasites/μl was 50% and 89.71% at density ≥201 parasites/μl with specificity of 83.48%. The positive and negative predictive values were 77.91% and 88.07%, respectively.ConclusionThe UMT showed moderate level of sensitivity compared with blood smear microscopy. The test kit requires further improvement on its sensitivity in order to be deployable for field use in malaria endemic regions.
| S-EPMC4203939 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAsymptomatic malaria infections have received less attention than symptomatic malaria infections in major studies. Few epidemiological studies on asymptomatic malaria infections have often focused on pregnant women and children under-five years of age as the most vulnerable groups. However, there is limitation on data regarding asymptomatic infections among the old adult populations, particularly in the study area. Therefore, this study determined the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection by microscopy and its determinants among residents of Ido- Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria.MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted between July and September 2021 among 232 consenting apparently healthy individuals aged 40 years and above who were recruited during a free health screening program using a standardised interviewer-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire sought information on respondents' socio-demographics, presence and types of co-morbidity, and the prevention methods being adopted against malaria infection. Venous blood samples were collected and processed for asymptomatic infections using Giemsa-stained blood smear microscopy. Data were analysed using SPSS version 21. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with asymptomatic infections.ResultsOf the total 232 respondents, 19.0% (48/232) were confirmed to be infected with Plasmodium falciparum (95% confidence interval (CI): 14.1% - 24.6%). Lack of formal education (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 5.298, 95% (CI): 2.184-13.997), being diabetic (AOR: 4.681, 95% CI: 1.669-16.105), and not sleeping under Long Lasting Insecticide Net (LLINs) (AOR: 4.594, 95% CI: 1.194-14.091), were the determinants of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection.ConclusionThe prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum was 19%. Lack of formal education, being diabetic, and not sleeping under LLINs were the determinants of asymptomatic infections.
| S-EPMC9928065 | biostudies-literature