Dataset Information

Development of Intestinal Injury and Restoration of Weaned Piglets under Chronic Immune Stress.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chronic immune stress on intestinal morphology and function, immune system, oxidative status, and mitochondrial function in piglets. Fifty healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire piglets (21 ± 2 days old, barrow, 6.98 ± 0.14 kg body weight) were selected and randomly allotted to five groups, which were slaughtered at 0 (0 group), 1, 5, 9, and 15 d of LPS injection. The results showed that compared with the piglets without LPS injection, LPS injection significantly impaired the intestinal morphology and permeability at 1, 5, and 9 d, as manifested by the increased serum lactic acid and decreased ratio of villus height to crypt depth (p < 0.05). Moreover, intestinal inflammation and oxidative and mitochondrial injury were caused at 1 d, as manifested by upregulated IL-6 mRNA expression, increased malondialdehyde content, and impaired mitochondrial morphology (p < 0.05). However, these parameters were restored to levels identical to 0 group at 9~15 d, accompanied by significantly increased antioxidant capacity, enhanced protein expression of CD3+ and CD68+, and upregulated mRNA abundance of genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis and functions (p < 0.05). Collectively, these results suggest that the intestinal injury of piglets caused by chronic immune stress could be self-repaired.

SUBMITTER: Yu J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9686571 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Development of Intestinal Injury and Restoration of Weaned Piglets under Chronic Immune Stress.

Yu Jiayi J Zheng Changbing C Zheng Jie J Duan Geyan G Guo Qiuping Q Zhang Peiwen P Wan Mengliao M Duan Yehui Y

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 20221109 11

This study aimed to investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chronic immune stress on intestinal morphology and function, immune system, oxidative status, and mitochondrial function in piglets. Fifty healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire piglets (21 ± 2 days old, barrow, 6.98 ± 0.14 kg body weight) were selected and randomly allotted to five groups, which were slaughtered at 0 (0 group), 1, 5, 9, and 15 d of LPS injection. The results showed that compared with the piglets witho ...[more]

PMID: 36358587

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Project description:The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of sows with yeast cultures (XPC) during late gestation and lactation on the immune performance of their weaned offspring under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stress. A total of 40 Landrace × Yorkshire sows (parity 3 to 7) with similar backfat thickness were selected and randomly divided into two treatment groups: a control group (basal diet) and a yeast culture group (basal diet + 2.0 g/kg XPC). The trial was conducted from day 90 of gestation to day 21 of lactation. At the end of the experiment, 12 piglets with similar weights were selected from each group and slaughtered 4 h after intraperitoneal injection with either saline or LPS. The results showed that the concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the thymus and tumor necrosis factor-α in the liver increased significantly (P < 0.05) in weaned piglets after LPS injection. Maternal dietary supplementation with XPC significantly reduced the concentration of inflammatory factors in the plasma and thymus of weaned piglets (P < 0.05). LPS injection significantly upregulated the expression of some tissue inflammation-related genes, significantly downregulated the expression of intestinal tight junction-related genes, and significantly elevated the protein expression of liver phospho-nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-κB), the phospho-inhibitory subunit of NF-κB (p-IκBα), phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), and the inhibitory subunit of NF-κB (IκBα) in weaned piglets (P < 0.05). Maternal dietary supplementation with XPC significantly downregulated the gene expression of IL-6 and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the thymus and decreased the protein expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the liver of weaned piglets (P < 0.05). In summary, injection of LPS induced an inflammatory response in weaned piglets and destroyed the intestinal barrier. Maternal dietary supplementation of XPC improved the immune performance of weaned piglets by inhibiting inflammatory responses.

Project description:Silybin (Si) is the main element of silymarin isolated from the seeds of Silybum marianum L. Gaernt., which has superior antioxidant properties. However, the protective role of Si in maintaining liver health under oxidative stress remains ambiguous. This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of the beneficial effect of dietary Si against hepatic oxidative injury induced by paraquat (PQ) in weaned piglets. A total of 24 piglets were randomly allocated to four treatments with six replicates per treatment and 1 piglet per replicate: the control group; Si group; PQ group; and Si + PQ group. Piglets in the control group and PQ group were given a basal diet, while piglets in the Si and Si + PQ groups were given a Si-supplemented diet. On the 18th day, the pigs in the PQ treatment group received an intraperitoneal injection of PQ, and the others were intraperitoneally injected with the same volume of saline. All piglets were sacrificed on day 21 for plasma and liver sample collection. The results showed that dietary Si supplementation mitigated PQ-induced liver damage, as proven by the reduction in liver pathological changes and plasma activity of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase. Si also improved superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and total antioxidant capacity, as well as decreased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentration in the liver, which were closely related to the activation of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway. Meanwhile, Si reduced tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-8 production and their transcript levels as well as abrogated the overactivation of nuclear factor-κB induced by PQ. Importantly, Si improved mitochondrial function by maintaining mitochondrial energetics and mitochondrial dynamics, which was indicated by the elevated activity of mitochondrial complexes I and V and adenosine triphosphate content, decreased expression of dynamin 1 protein, and increased expression of mitofusin 2 protein. Moreover, Si inhibited excessive hepatic apoptosis by regulating the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated-X-protein signaling pathway. Taken together, these results indicated that Si potentially mitigated PQ-induced hepatic oxidative insults by improving antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial function and inhibiting inflammation and cell apoptosis in weaned piglets.

Project description:Due to imperfections in their immune and digestive systems, weaned piglets are susceptible to invasions of the external environment and diseases, especially bacterial infections, which lead to slow growth, tissue damage, and even the death of piglets. Here, a model of weaned piglets induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was established to explore the effects of continuous low-dose LPS induction on the mechanism of liver injury. A total of forty-eight healthy 28-day-old weaned piglets (weight = 6.65 ± 1.19 kg) were randomly divided into two groups: the CON group and LPS group. During the experimental period of thirteen days, the LPS group was injected intraperitoneally with LPS (100 μg/kg) once per day, and the CON group was treated with the same volume of 0.9% NaCl solution. On the 1st, 5th, 9th, and 13th days, the serum and liver of the piglets were collected for the determination of serum biochemical indexes, an antioxidant capacity evaluation, and histopathological examinations. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of the TLR4 pathway and inflammatory cytokines were detected. The results showed that the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the serum increased after LPS induction. The activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the serum and liver homogenate of the LPS group were lower than those of the CON group, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the serum and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver of the LPS group were higher than those in the CON group. At the same time, morphological impairment of the livers occurred, including hepatocyte caryolysis, hepatocyte vacuolization, karyopycnosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration, and the mRNA expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 were upregulated in the livers after LPS induction. The above results were more obvious on the 1st and 5th days of LPS induction, while the trend during the later period was not significant. It was concluded that the oxidative stress and liver injury occurred at the early stage of LPS induction, while the liver damage weakened at the later stage. The weaned piglets probably gradually developed tolerance to the endotoxin after the continuous low-dose induction of LPS.

Project description:Vitamin A (VA) is an important nutrient for weaning piglets. It plays a significant role in the normal formation, development, and maintenance of epithelial cells. Previous studies have shown that VA supplements could improve the host's intestinal barrier function. Therefore, we hypothesized that VA supplements can affect intestinal function in weaned piglets by regulating intestinal stem cells. Thirty-two 21-d-old weaned [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] piglets with an average weight of 8.34 ± 0.13 kg were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups, with 1) 2 mg/kg (control), 2) 4 mg/kg, 3) 8 mg/kg, and 4) 16 mg/kg doses of VA, respectively. The experiment lasted for 14 d. Weaned piglets were given ad libitum access to food and water during the test. The ADG (linear, P = 0.020) and G:F (linear, P = 0.005) of the piglets were found to increase significantly from days 8 to 14. The Lgr5+ gene expression (P = 0.012) in the jejunum mucosa of the 16 mg/kg VA group was increased. The jejunum villus height (P = 0.027) and villi surface area (P = 0.035) were significantly increased in the 4 mg/kg VA treatment group. The crypt depth increased significantly in the 4 and 8 mg/kg VA treatment groups (quadratic, P = 0.043), and the ratios of villus height to crypt depth significantly increased in the 16 mg/kg VA group (quadratic, P = 0.015). The maltase (P = 0.032), sucrose (P = 0.041), and alkaline phosphatase activity (linear, P = 0.024) were significantly increased when further supplemented with 4 mg/kg VA. Slc2a2 mRNA abundance was significantly increased in the 2 mg/kg VA group (linear, P = 0.024). Moreover, the budding rates, buddings number per organoid, and Chromogranin A and Muc2 expression of piglet intestinal organoids were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by VA and its metabolites (retinoic acid). Compared with the control group, the expression of Spp1 and Trop2 increased. These results indicated that VA may increase the stemness of intestinal stem cell in vitro. This study suggested that VA could affect growth performance and intestinal function by regulating intestinal stem cells in the jejunum of weaned piglets.

Project description:Piglets are susceptible to weaning stress, which weakens the barrier and immune function of the intestinal mucosa, causes inflammation, and ultimately affects animal growth and development. Ellagic acid (EA) is a natural polyphenol dilactone with various biological functions. However, The mechanisms underlying the effects of EA on animal health are still poorly known. Herein, we examined whether dietary supplementation with EA has a positive effect on growth performance, intestinal health, immune response, microbiota, or inflammation in weaned piglets. Sixty weaned piglets (age, 30 days) were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (basic diet) and the test group (basic diet + 500 g/t EA). The pigs were fed for 40 days under the same feeding and management conditions, and the growth performance of each individual was measured. At the end of the feeding period, samples were collected from the small intestinal mucosa for further analysis. Using these tissues, the transcriptome sequences and intestinal microbial diversity were analyzed in both groups. An inflammation model using small intestinal mucosal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) was also constructed. Dietary EA supplementation significantly increased the average daily weight gain (ADG) and reduced diarrhea rate and serum diamine oxidase (DAO) levels of weaned piglets. Transcriptome sequencing results revealed 401 differentially expressed genes in the jejunum mucosal tissue of pigs in the control and test groups. Of these, 163 genes were up-regulated and 238 were down-regulated. The down-regulated genes were significantly enriched in 10 pathways (false discovery rate < 0.05), including seven pathways related to immune response. The results of bacterial 16s rDNA sequencing show that EA affects the composition of the intestinal microbiota in the cecum and rectum, and reveal significant differences in the abundances of Prevotella_9, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, and Lactobacillus reuteri between the test and control groups (P < 0.05). Experiments using the inflammation model showed that certain doses of EA promote the proliferation of IPEC-J2 cells, increase the relative mRNA expression levels of tight junction-related proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin), improve the compactness of the intestine, reduce the expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6, and significantly reduce LPS-induced inflammation in IPEC-J2 cells. In conclusion, we found for the first time that dietary supplementation of EA affects the gut immune response and promotes the beneficial gut microbiota in weaned piglets, reduces the occurrence of inflammatory responses, and thereby promotes the growth and intestinal health of piglets.

Project description:BackgroundWeanling pigs, with immature immune system and physiological function, usually experience post-weaning diarrhea. This study determined the effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum supplementation on growth performance, diarrhea, and immunity of weaned pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).MethodsIn Experiment (Exp.) 1, 144 weaned piglets were weaned at 21 d and randomly assigned to six groups, with six replicates per group and four pigs per replicate, receiving a control diet (CON) or diet supplemented with antibiotics (AB) or C. butyricum (CB) (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, or 0.8%), respectively. All diets in Exp. 1 were a highly digestible basal diet, with 3,000 mg/kg zinc oxide supplied in the first 2 wk only. In Exp. 2, 180 piglets were weaned at 21 d and randomly assigned to five groups, with six replicates per group and six pigs per replicate, receiving CON, AB, or CB (0.2%, 0.4%, or 0.6%) diets. The digestibility of diets was lower than those in Exp. 1, and did not include zinc oxide. At 36 d of Exp. 2, 12 piglets were selected from each of the CON and 0.4% CB groups, six piglets were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (50 μg/kg body weight) and the other six piglets with normal saline; animals were killed at 4 h after injection to collect blood, intestine, and digesta samples for biochemical analysis.ResultsIn Exp. 1, CB and AB diets had no effect on growth performance of piglets. In Exp. 2, 0.4% CB decreased feed-gain ratio (P < 0.1), diarrhea score (P < 0.05), and increased duodenal, jejunal, and ileal villus height and jejunal villus height/crypt depth (P < 0.05). The 0.4% CB decreased the plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α (P < 0.05) but increased ileal mucosa IL-10 and TLR2 mRNA expression (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 0.4% CB altered the microbial profile, with Bacillus and Ruminococcaceae UGG-003 at genus level and Lactobacillus casei and Parasutterella secunda at species level were higher than CON in colonic content (P < 0.05).ConclusionsDietary C. butyricum supplementation had positive effects on growth of weaned piglets with less digestible diets. There was a tendency to reduce the feed-gain ratio, which could reduce feed costs in pig production. Moreover, C. butyricum decreased post-weaning diarrhea by improving the intestinal morphology, intestinal microflora profile, and immune function.

Dataset Information

Development of Intestinal Injury and Restoration of Weaned Piglets under Chronic Immune Stress.

Publications

Development of Intestinal Injury and Restoration of Weaned Piglets under Chronic Immune Stress.

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