Fracture Healing in the Setting of Endocrine Diseases, Aging, and Cellular Senescence.

ABSTRACT: More than 2.1 million age-related fractures occur in the United States annually, resulting in an immense socioeconomic burden. Importantly, the age-related deterioration of bone structure is associated with impaired bone healing. Fracture healing is a dynamic process which can be divided into four stages. While the initial hematoma generates an inflammatory environment in which mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages orchestrate the framework for repair, angiogenesis and cartilage formation mark the second healing period. In the central region, endochondral ossification favors soft callus development while next to the fractured bony ends, intramembranous ossification directly forms woven bone. The third stage is characterized by removal and calcification of the endochondral cartilage. Final

SUBMITTER: Saul D 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9695115 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature